Grade 10 English Complete Note
Complete and well-organized notes based on the Grade 10 English curriculum, with Reading I, Reading II, exercises, questions and answers, and exam-focused preparation.
CURRENT AFFAIRS AND ISSUES
HOW DRIVERLESS CARS WILL CHANGE OUR WORLD
A. Match the words with their meanings
a. glare — ii. an intense blinding light
b. curb — i. a stone edging to a pavement or raised path
c. hail — i. to call to somebody in order to attract their attention
d. commute — ii. to travel regularly between workplace and home
e. serene — i. calm and peaceful
f. liability — ii. the state of being legally responsible for something
g. deploy — ii. to use something effectively
h. autonomous — ii. able to do things and make decisions without help from anyone else
i. perception — i. a belief or an image about how you see or understand something
B. Choose the Correct Alternative
a. One of the features of automated cars is:
iii. they have their own voice to welcome people into them.
b. Driverless technology is being widely used particularly in:
i. the USA
c. The positive impact of such technology on the environment is:
ii. it paves the way to sustainable life.
d. One of the problems with driverless technology is:
ii. it cannot deal with human drivers.
e. One of the biggest challenges of automated cars is:
i. its safety from the human environment.
f. The automated technology developed so far is:
ii. partly trustworthy.
These questions and alternatives appear in the textbook on pages 5–6.
C. Answer the Questions
a. Mention any three features of the driverless car.
It can drive without a human driver.
It uses sensors and automated technology to navigate.
It can communicate with passengers through its sound system.
b. Describe the benefits of driverless technology.
Driverless technology can make travelling safer and more convenient. It can reduce accidents caused by human error, help people travel without driving themselves, improve transportation and reduce dependence on private cars. It can also reduce carbon emissions and make cities more sustainable. It may also remove people from dangerous working environments.
c. What, according to Camilla Fowler, is the special advantage of automated vehicles?
According to Camilla Fowler, the special advantage is that automation could provide safer roads and fewer fatalities.
d. What are the problems with driverless vehicles in David Hynd's view?
According to David Hynd, driverless vehicles must deal with unpredictable human drivers. Human drivers may speed, break traffic rules or behave unexpectedly. Therefore, autonomous vehicles must be able to cope with such situations.
e. What are scientists doing to make driverless technology safer?
Scientists are testing autonomous vehicles in specially designed environments such as the Mcity Test Facility. They create difficult and unpredictable situations involving traffic, pedestrians, children, merging cars, roads and railway crossings so that autonomous vehicles can learn to handle them safely.
f. Do you think driverless technology is safer than human-controlled driving? Why?
Yes, I think driverless technology can eventually be safer because computers do not become tired, sleepy or distracted like human drivers. However, the technology must be properly tested and developed because it still has difficulty dealing with unpredictable human behaviour and unusual road situations.
D. Other Areas Where AI Is Used
- Education: AI can provide
personalized learning and help students practise difficult subjects.
- Medicine: AI can help doctors
analyse medical images and identify diseases.
- Transportation: AI can control
driverless vehicles and improve traffic management.
Pronunciation
Model pronunciations:
glare — /ɡleə(r)/
curb — /kɜːb/
junction — /ˈdʒʌŋkʃən/
carbon — /ˈkɑːbən/
car — /kɑː(r)/
president — /ˈprezɪdənt/
hurdle — /ˈhɜːdəl/
exterior — /ɪkˈstɪəriə(r)/
driver — /ˈdraɪvə(r)/
traffic — /ˈtræfɪk/
Grammar I — Reported Speech: Statements
A. Matching
a. Khushi said... → v. Khushi said that she went to school every day by bus.
b. Karma said... → i. Karma apologised for coming late.
c. Susan says... → ii. Susan says that she will leave for Bhanu the following week.
d. Tshering said... → iii. Tshering promised me to meet that Saturday.
e. The bus leaves... → iv. The agent informed us that the bus left at six.
f. I have already finished... → vii. She said that she had already finished her project work.
g. I work from home... → vi. Yanjal said that he worked from home those days.
B. Reporting Verbs
a. He admitted that he had broken the mirror.
b. Pemba advised me to see a doctor.
c. The librarian warned me not to make a noise again.
d. Raman offered to help me plant rice.
e. The assistant informed us that the classes started from the following week.
f. Sonam thanked me for my help.
g. Prakriti promised to return my money by Saturday.
h. Anupam agreed/promised to work hard and get good grades.
i. The speaker apologised for coming late.
Writing I
Newspaper Article: Challenges Brought by AI
Artificial Intelligence: New Opportunities and Challenges
By a Grade 10 Student
Artificial Intelligence has become an important part of modern technology. It has made people's lives easier by helping them in education, medicine, transportation, communication and business.
However, the rapid development of AI has also brought several challenges. Many people are worried that machines may replace human workers in some jobs. AI can also be misused to spread false information and commit cybercrime. Privacy is another major concern because AI systems can collect and process large amounts of personal information.
Therefore, AI should be developed and used responsibly. Governments, technology companies and users should establish appropriate rules to ensure that AI benefits society without harming people.
I — Open Letter to UN Secretary-General
A. Fill in the blanks
Words: tackle, corporate, outrage, catalyse, at stake, net-zero, expertise
a. The corporate headquarters of the company is in Dubai.
b. According to Greta, the leaders are failing to tackle the key issues.
c. Some viruses catalyse the step in the production of other viruses.
d. His expertise in business helped him greatly to run the company.
e. Government of Nepal plans to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to net-zero.
f. He does not have good knowledge of business. So, he has put his investment at stake.
g. His controversial remarks caused public outrage.
B. True / False / Not Given
a. Save the Children congratulates Antonio Guterres on his recent appointment as the General Secretary of the UN. False
b. The Youth Advisory Group was announced on the request of children between 18–21 years of age. Not Given
c. The dissatisfaction is that the representation of children is not inclusive. True
d. Greta Thunberg protested for the right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment. True
e. The children demand their physical safety in the UK and Italy. False
f. The children think that they can participate in decision making to fight against the climate crisis. True
C. Answer the Questions
a. Where is the office of the UN Secretary-General?
It is at the United Nations Secretariat, 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017.
b. What is the purpose of writing this letter?
The purpose is to request Antonio Guterres to include children and adolescents below 18 in the Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change.
c. Why was the Youth Advisory Group announced?
It was established to bring young climate leaders into decision-making and planning processes and to advise the UN Secretary-General on accelerating global climate action.
d. What roles have children played during the climate crisis?
Children have participated in school strikes, social-media campaigns and street protests. They have spoken with political and corporate leaders and demanded action for a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment.
e. Describe Greta Thunberg and Fabrizio's contributions.
Greta Thunberg helped spark the global climate movement through her solo protest in 2018. Fabrizio, a 16-year-old boy from Peru, spoke about the urgent need to protect the future of children and called for immediate climate action.
f. What is the final demand of the children?
They demand that children and adolescents below 18 be included in decision-making processes concerning climate change and be given meaningful opportunities to contribute their knowledge and experience.
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D. Student's Role in Reducing Climate Change
As a student, I can help reduce climate change by saving electricity and water, planting trees, avoiding unnecessary plastic, using public transportation or walking when possible, reducing waste, recycling materials and educating others about environmental protection.
Grammar II — Reported Speech
A. Choose the correct alternatives
a. Abhilasha said that she witnessed the accident.
b. The teacher explained that the earth revolves round the sun.
c. Smarika says that she can't stay here anymore.
d. Sachita says that she loves to listen to music.
e. My brother reported that he had completed his homework.
f. My father said that the sun is very hot.
g. Jenifer said that she wanted to be a nurse.
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B. Rewrite in Indirect Speech
a. Raima said that they had to cross the river and go ahead.
b. Smarika told her friends that she would meet them the next day.
c. Chandani said that she could not come to school the next day.
d. Dorje said that he was sorry and that he could not lend me any money that day.
e. The teacher said that then we could solve the remaining problems ourselves.
f. The police said that the incident had probably taken place the previous day.
g. I told him that I lived in Changunarayan those days.
h. They told us that they would like to join us too.
i. The science teacher said that coal gives off thick smoke.
j. Resham said that she had never seen such a strange animal anywhere else.
k. The father said that he loved his children more than wealth.
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Writing II — Letter to the Mayor
Jaleshwar-5, Mahottari
12 August 2026
The Mayor
Jaleshwar Municipality
Mahottari, Nepal
Subject: Request to Include Children in Decision-Making
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to request your municipality to involve representatives of children in the decision-making process concerning children's issues.
Children are important members of society, and many decisions directly affect their education, health, safety, recreation and future. Therefore, their opinions should also be heard.
I kindly request the municipality to establish a child-friendly forum or advisory group where children's representatives can express their ideas and concerns. Such participation would help the municipality develop policies and programmes that better address children's needs.
I hope you will consider this request positively.
Yours faithfully,
A Student
FESTIVALS AND CELEBRATIONS
BATTLE OF THE ORANGES
A. Match the Words with Their Meanings
The exercise gives seven words and seven meanings.
Word
Answer
a. mush
iii. a soft thick mass or mixture
b. jerk
v. to make something move with a   sudden short sharp movement
c. concussion
vi. a temporary loss of   consciousness
d. hurl
i. to throw something violently in   a particular direction
e. pulp
vii. the soft part inside fruits   and vegetables
f. clutch
ii. to hold something tightly
g. sip
iv. to drink something, taking a   very small amount each time
Final Answers:
a–iii, b–v, c–vi, d–i, e–vii, f–ii, g–iv
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B. True or False
The statements are based directly on the Battle of the Oranges text.
a. The tourists are informed to wear a red hat through public notices.
True
Public notices around Ivrea tell tourists to wear a red hat.
b. Aranceri seem dressed in Doctor Whoesque costumes.
True
The text says that the orange-throwers on horse-drawn carriages wear Doctor Whoesque costumes with padded shoulders and leather-covered helmets.
c. When a cart approaches, aranceri run away from the square.
False
They run towards the cart and bombard it with oranges.
d. The narrator feels bored during the festival period.
False
The narrator is curious and interested in the festival, although she is also frightened by the possibility of being injured.
e. The volunteers encourage the visitors to join the battle.
False
The volunteers advise the public to stay behind protective nets.
f. The narrator accepts Massi's offer.
False
The narrator is tempted but declines Massi's invitation.
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C. Answer the Questions
a. What does the red hat symbolize?
The red berretto frigio symbolizes the carnival and freedom. The text explains that it was worn by freed slaves in Roman times and later by peasants who rebelled against feudal lords.
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b. How does the narrator feel when she wipes her face?
The narrator feels shocked and frightened when she discovers blood on her face after being hit by an orange. She thinks that she may need stitches and may have suffered a concussion.
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c. What does the square look like after an hour of the Battle of the Oranges?
After an hour, the square is covered with thick sludge made of orange pulp and horse manure. It smells sharp and sweet-and-sour.
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d. How do aranceri members chase the cart?
When a cart approaches, the aranceri charge it and throw oranges at the people on the cart. After the cart moves away, they chase it for some distance and throw the remaining oranges.
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e. Does Silvia enjoy this carnival? Why?
Yes, Silvia greatly enjoys the carnival. She considers it good for psychological health because she can release all the frustrations she has accumulated during the year. After participating, she feels refreshed.
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f. Why does Massi say, “Forget the nets”?
Massi says this because he believes that people must be in the middle of the battle to truly experience the carnival. He thinks that the excitement and enjoyment of participating are worth the risk of getting a black eye or minor injury.
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D. Strange Festivals Around the World
The textbook asks students to collect information about a unique festival and share it with the class.
Model La Tomatina
La Tomatina is a famous festival celebrated in Buñol, Spain. During the festival, participants throw tomatoes at one another. Thousands of people take part in this colourful and unusual event. It is celebrated as a form of entertainment and community celebration. The streets become covered with tomato pulp. It is one of the world's most famous food-fighting festivals.
GRAMMAR I — REPORTED QUESTIONS
A. Change into Indirect Speech
The textbook gives ten questions.
a. “Are you working tonight?”
Agaman asked Timothy if he was working that night.
b. “Is this the road to the station?”
A stranger wanted to know from me if that was the road to the station.
c. “Did you do your homework?”
My friend inquired of her if she had done her homework.
d. “Have you been to Paris?”
The tourist was asked if he/she had been to Paris.
e. “How long have you been working in this company?”
Usha inquired of Anju how long she had been working in that company.
f. “What flavour ice cream did you have at the party?”
My mother asked me what flavour of ice cream I had had at the party.
g. “Have you studied reported speech before?”
The teacher wanted to know if I had studied reported speech before.
h. “Where will you stay tonight?”
I asked him where he would stay that night.
i. “How many players were shown yellow card by the referee?”
Sumangal asked his friend how many players had been shown yellow cards by the referee.
j. “What magic did the medicine have on the patient?”
Sarita wanted to know from Sommaya what magic the medicine had had on the patient.
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B. Change into Reported Speech
a. Kritika asked me, “Why did you go out last night?”
Kritika asked me why I had gone out the previous night.
b. “Who was that beautiful woman, Usha?” said Sunita.
Sunita asked Usha who that beautiful woman had been.
c. “How is your mother?” said Gaurab to Yang Dolma.
Gaurab asked Yang Dolma how her mother was.
d. My friend wanted to know, “What are you going to do at the weekend?”
My friend wanted to know what I was going to do at the weekend.
e. “Where will you live after graduation?” said my teacher.
My teacher asked me where I would live after graduation.
f. Anusha said to Melisha, “What were you doing when I saw you?”
Anusha asked Melisha what she had been doing when Anusha had seen her.
g. I said to the pilgrim, “How was the journey?”
I asked the pilgrim how the journey had been.
h. “How often do you go to cinema?” said Krishna.
Krishna asked me how often I went to the cinema.
i. “Do you live in Patan?” said the Principal.
The Principal asked me if I lived in Patan.
j. Niraj said to Luniva, “Did Phadindra arrive on time?”
Niraj asked Luniva if Phadindra had arrived on time.
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WRITING I
The textbook asks for an essay about a festival celebrated in the student's community, including its history, people involved, activities, importance, duration and drawbacks.
Dashain — A Major Festival of Nepal
Dashain is one of the biggest and most important festivals celebrated in Nepal. It is celebrated with great enthusiasm by people throughout the country. The festival is mainly associated with the victory of good over evil.
Dashain usually lasts for fifteen days, although the major celebrations take place during the important days of the festival. Ghatasthapana, Phulpati, Maha Ashtami, Maha Navami and Vijaya Dashami are important days.
During Dashain, people return to their homes from different parts of the country and abroad. Families gather together, worship deities, prepare delicious food and wear new clothes. On Vijaya Dashami, younger members receive tika and blessings from elders.
The festival has great social and cultural importance. It strengthens family relationships and promotes unity. However, excessive expenditure, gambling, unnecessary slaughter of animals and environmental pollution can be some drawbacks.
Overall, Dashain is an important festival that teaches us the value of family, culture, blessings and togetherness.
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I — THANKSGIVING AROUND THE WORLD
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A. Vocabulary
Find the words in the text that match the meanings.
a. in a way occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous or steady
intermittently
b. to remind people of an important event or person from the past
commemorate
c. in a way that shows the usual qualities or features of a particular type of person or thing
typically
d. a curved shape that is wide in the middle and pointed at each end
crescent-shaped
e. full of life and energy
vibrant
f. a person who is having fun in a noisy way, usually with a group of other people
reveller
g. from or in another country; seeming exciting and unusual
exotic
h. to spread through and be easy to notice
pervade
i. brightly coloured and likely to attract attention
flamboyant
j. done quickly and with a lot of activities, but not very well organized
frantic
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B. Match the Activities with Countries
The textbook describes Thanksgiving traditions in several countries.
a. Families gather for a feast in the evening accompanied by dancing and singing.
Liberia
b. People wear new clothes and get community blessings.
Iran
c. Palm nut soup, fish and traditional Kpokoi are served.
Ghana
d. People return to their hometowns to celebrate the festival.
South Korea
e. Celebrants go to the beach in a noisy way.
Brazil
f. Parades are taken out in the streets.
USA
g. Food and wine are offered to the forefathers.
South Korea
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C. Answer the Questions
a. What is the main feature of American Thanksgiving?
The main feature is a large family Thanksgiving dinner. Americans traditionally eat turkey, mashed potatoes, sweet potatoes, sweet corn and other vegetables. Family gatherings are central to the celebration.
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b. What do parades include in Thanksgiving in America?
The parades include marching bands, floats and huge balloons. Macy's Thanksgiving Parade in New York is particularly famous and features balloons based on cartoon characters, Broadway shows and other themes.
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c. When and why is Chuseok celebrated in Korea?
Chuseok is celebrated on the 15th day of August according to the lunar calendar. It is celebrated to commemorate the fall harvest and honour ancestors.
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d. How did Thanksgiving begin in Brazil?
Thanksgiving in Brazil began after former Brazilian President Gaspar Dutra visited the USA. He was fascinated by the American holiday and established the festival in Brazil in 1949.
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e. Who started Thanksgiving in Liberia? Why was it started?
Thanksgiving in Liberia was founded in the 19th century by liberated American slaves. It was started to give thanks for freedom and to remember their difficult past.
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f. What is Thanksgiving celebrated for in Barbados?
The Crop Over festival in Barbados originally celebrated the sugar cane harvest. It has been celebrated since the 1780s and now includes carnivals, calypso music and dancing.
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g. What is Homowo marked in Ghana?
Homowo marks the end of a long famine suffered by the Ghanaian people. The festival celebrates the end of hunger and shortage with food, singing, dancing and drumming.
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D. Thanksgiving in Our Community
Question:
How do people extend their gratitude for food and harvest in your community?
In my community, people express gratitude for food and harvest through festivals and religious ceremonies. They offer food to gods and ancestors, share meals with family members, distribute food to neighbours and people in need, and thank nature and farmers for providing food. During festivals such as Chhath and other harvest-related celebrations, people perform religious rituals and share traditional foods.
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GRAMMAR II — REPORTED QUESTIONS
A. Choose the Correct Alternatives
The textbook provides seven questions.
a.
Sujita asked her mother when her father would come home.
b.
She replied that she had never had caviar when I said to her, “Have you ever had caviar?”
c.
The salesperson said to him, “What can I do for you?”
d.
The tourist inquired from me whether I belonged to Banepa.
e.
The little girl asked us what time we were supposed to come back.
f.
The head teacher asked her whether she had filled out the exam form the week before.
g.
Renuka asked me if I had called her.
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B. Convert the Report into Direct Questions
The report describes an interview with Social Studies teacher Mr. Sudeep Prasad Joshi about the Newari tradition of Ihi/Bel Bibaha.
Direct questions asked by Nihar:
- What is Ihi?
- Why is Ihi done?
- Why was the tradition started?
- At what age is Ihi performed?
- Why is it known as Bel Bibaha?
- Why is the bel fruit chosen?
- Why is the bel fruit considered
special?
- How long does the ritual
continue?
- What food and drinks are
prohibited during the ceremony?
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WRITING II — NEWS STORY
The textbook provides clues about a Vitamin A and deworming programme.
Vitamin A Capsules Distributed to Children
Health Assistants Distribute Vitamin A Capsules
Kathmandu, October 20:
Health assistants have distributed Vitamin A capsules to children across the country as part of the national Vitamin A programme.
The programme was conducted on October 19 and 20 for children aged six months to five years. Along with Vitamin A capsules, deworming tablets were provided to children between one and five years of age.
The programme was announced by the Department of Health Services. The Vitamin A programme has been running since 2050 B.S., while the deworming programme has continued since 2056 B.S.
Health authorities have urged parents to ensure that eligible children receive the supplements because Vitamin A and deworming medicine are important for children's health and development.
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B. Sample Brief Report
Report on Local Festivals
A survey was conducted among students to collect information about local festivals. Ten students participated in the survey.
The students mentioned Dashain, Tihar, Chhath, Holi, Eid and other local festivals as their favourite celebrations. Most students said that festivals are important because they preserve culture, bring families together and provide opportunities to meet relatives and friends.
The major activities include worshipping, visiting relatives, preparing traditional food, wearing traditional clothes, singing, dancing and participating in cultural programmes.
The survey showed that festivals play an important role in maintaining cultural identity and strengthening social relationships.
Prepared by:
Grade 10 Student
#
HEALTH AND WELLNESS
A LETTER FROM A PATIENT
A. Match the Words with Their Meanings
The textbook provides nine words and their meanings.
Word
Meaning
Answer
a. nightmare
a very unpleasant or frightening   experience
iii
b. pediatric
relating to medical care of   children
iv
c. intravenous
into or connected to a vein
v
d. priority
something regarded as more   important than others
ii
e. medications
treatment using drugs
i
f. confidante
a person with whom private matters   are discussed
ix
g. deprivation
lack of something considered   necessary
viii
h. vulnerable
in need of special care, support   or protection
vi
i. dreadful
very bad or unpleasant
vii
Final Answers:
a–iii, b–iv, c–v, d–ii, e–i, f–ix, g–viii, h–vi, i–vii
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B. True or False
a. The sender of the letter was happy with the service of the health workers.
False
The baby's medical care was successful, but the mother's overall experience with the health workers was unsatisfactory.
b. The staff of different departments in the hospital had harmonious relationships with each other.
False
Different health workers repeatedly complained about one another.
c. The hospital staff were concerned with the requirements of the sick child.
False
The writer felt that staff were too focused on their own problems and egos instead of concentrating on her sick baby.
d. The staff of the hospital shared their personal feelings with the writer.
True
They complained to her about their colleagues and told her how busy they were.
e. The chart was unclear about the patient's gender.
False
The mother believes that the paperwork clearly indicated that the baby was female, but many health workers still referred to her as male.
f. The author took the mistakes of the health workers normally.
False
She was disappointed and concerned about their mistakes and lack of attention.
g. The writer seems to be more sincere in her duty than the hospital staff.
True
She says that she herself is a health-care worker and promises to become more conscious of what she says to patients and their families.
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C. Answer the Questions
a. What was the nightmare for the author?
The nightmare was that her nine-week-old baby developed an extremely high fever, forcing the family to rush to hospital. Although the baby recovered, the mother's experience with some hospital staff was deeply disappointing.
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b. What do you think the main purpose of this letter is?
The main purpose is to make health-care workers aware of their responsibilities towards patients and their families. The writer wants them to communicate positively, work together, listen carefully and make patients feel that they are important.
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c. According to the author, what was the main weakness of the hospital staff?
Their main weakness was their poor professional attitude and lack of teamwork. They complained about one another, focused on their own problems and sometimes failed to give adequate attention to the patient.
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d. Did the nurses really say “your daughter is not a priority”? Why did the author think so?
No, the nurses did not literally say those words. They repeatedly told the mother, “I am so busy today.” Because her daughter's medicines were sometimes late, she interpreted their words as meaning that her daughter was not a priority.
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e. What do the patients and their families expect from health workers?
They expect health workers to:
care for them properly;
listen to them;
communicate politely;
give them accurate information;
show concern and empathy;
work together as a team;
make them feel that they are a priority;
provide positive support and confidence.
The writer specifically asks health workers to reassure patients and their families that they are being cared for.
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f. List the questions that the author was asked frequently in the hospital.
“Was she premature?”
“Was your delivery normal?”
She was asked these same questions repeatedly by physicians and their students.
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g. Why did the health workers make gender errors about the author's daughter?
The health workers referred to the baby as male even though she was a girl. The author believes that this happened because the staff were careless and did not pay enough attention to the patient's records and details.
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h. According to the author, how do people perceive the career of health workers?
People understand that health care is not a glamorous career. They believe health workers choose the profession because they want to help sick people recover. Therefore, health workers should behave in a way that confirms this belief.
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D. Discussion
If you become a health worker in the future, what would be your priority?
Model
If I become a health worker, my first priority will be the health, safety and comfort of my patients. I will treat patients politely and respectfully. I will listen carefully to their problems, maintain accurate records, explain treatment clearly and cooperate with other health workers. I will also make their families feel confident and supported.
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PRONUNCIATION
The textbook asks students to divide the words according to the sounds /ʊ/ and /uː/.
Short /ʊ/
book
cook
foot
good
look
hook
stood
took
wood
wool
Long /uː/
food
moon
noon
roof
school
too
zoo
zoom
mood
B. Report the following instructions
a. Mother: “Come home early.”
Mother told me to come home early.
b. Doctor: “Drink plenty of water.”
The doctor advised me to drink plenty of water.
c. Guard: “Don't touch the paintings.”
The guard warned me not to touch the paintings.
d. Librarian: “Keep your mobile phone in flight mode.”
The librarian instructed me to keep my mobile phone in flight mode.
e. Teacher: “Arrive at school on time.”
The teacher told me to arrive at school on time.
f. Air hostess: “Fasten your seat belt.”
The air hostess instructed me to fasten my seat belt.
g. Brother: “Wash your clothes yourself.”
My brother told me to wash my clothes myself.
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C. Paper Boat — Reported Instructions
The textbook gives nine instructions for making a paper boat.
Reported version:
He told me to fold the paper in half on the longest side.
He told me to fold it in half again on the longest side and open it out once.
He instructed me to fold the top two corners to the middle line.
He told me to fold the bottom strip up on each side.
He told me to put my thumbs inside the triangle.
He instructed me to open it out into a diamond shape.
He told me to fold the bottom half up on each side.
He told me to put my thumbs inside and open it out.
He instructed me to pull the outer corners of the triangles out to make the boat.
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GRAMMAR I — REPORTED IMPERATIVES
The textbook explains that imperative sentences can express commands, requests, advice, instructions and suggestions. In reported speech, the imperative generally changes to an infinitive; negative imperatives use not + infinitive.
B. Change into Indirect Speech
a. “Please help me fix this machine.”
She requested me to help her fix that machine.
b. “Don't please switch on the fan.”
The electrician requested me not to switch on the fan.
c. “Help me with my homework, please.”
My friend requested me to help him/her with his/her homework.
d. “Lend me some money, please.”
She requested me to lend her some money.
e. “Do your homework!”
The teacher told me to do my homework.
f. “Don't smoke!”
The doctor advised me not to smoke.
g. “Don't make a mess!”
My mother told me not to make a mess.
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WRITING I — EMAIL
Email to the Patient's Mother
To: [patient@example.com](mailto\:patient@example.com)
Subject: Apology for Our Behaviour and Assurance of Better Service
Dear Madam,
I am writing on behalf of our hospital staff to sincerely apologise for the unpleasant experience you had during your daughter's treatment.
We are sorry that some members of our staff complained about their colleagues in front of you and did not make you feel that your daughter was our priority. We also regret the repeated questions and the mistake concerning your daughter's gender.
Your comments have helped us understand our weaknesses. We will improve our communication, teamwork, record keeping and behaviour towards patients and their families. We will make every effort to provide respectful, caring and professional service in the future.
Please accept our sincere apology.
Yours sincerely,
A Hospital Staff Member
The writing task specifically asks for an email from a hospital staff member apologising and assuring the patient's mother of improved services.
---
I — A HEALTHY DIET FOR A HEALTHY LIFE
The speech discusses diet-related diseases, obesity, healthy lifestyles, research, innovation and cooperation.
---
A. Define the Words/Phrases
a. Wonderfood
A food believed to have exceptional health benefits.
b. Cardiovascular diseases
Diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels.
c. Bioeconomy
An economy based on renewable biological resources and their sustainable use.
d. Demographic change
Changes in the size, structure or distribution of a population.
e. Multidisciplinary approach
An approach that combines knowledge and methods from different fields.
f. Economic inequalities
Differences between people or groups in their income, wealth and economic opportunities.
g. Neurological disorders
Diseases or disorders affecting the brain, spinal cord or nervous system.
h. Biomarkers
Measurable biological indicators used to identify or monitor a disease or health condition.
---
B. Complete the Sentences
The exercise asks students to use words from the speech.
a.
The children were especially delighted that there were enough cookies for each of them to have two.
b.
The organization held its annual conference in New York this year.
c.
It is cooperation that makes any organization a successful one.
d.
Your life changes dramatically if you perform well in your study.
e.
Mr. Gurung is leaving the job because of cardiovascular disease.
f.
Early diagnosis of a disease helps us to cure it soon.
g.
We have faced an unprecedented level of climate change at present.
h.
The patient may need blood work or other biomarkers to determine his specific health problem.
i.
The world looked for different strategies to find the solution to COVID-19.
---
C. Choose the Correct Alternatives
a. The greatest public health challenge at present is:
iii. obesity
b. The Joint Programming Initiative will bring the \_\_\_\_\_\_ of member states together.
iv. knowledge
c. The health care innovation chain begins from:
i. researchers
d. The need behind multidisciplinary approach is:
i. the unchanged pattern of food purchase and consumption
e. Through this speech, the speaker wants to:
iv. appeal to the members of EU for collaborative efforts in research and innovation
---
D. Answer the Questions
a. What topic is the speaker talking about when she says, “It's a topic that's never out of the media…”?
She is talking about healthy diets, food and nutrition, including debates about carbohydrates, fats, sugar, protein and so-called wonder foods.
---
b. According to the speaker, what is the cause of obesity among children in the EU?
The major causes are poor diet and low physical activity. The speaker says that both have been getting worse among children.
---
c. What should people do to prevent diseases like type 2 diabetes?
People should adopt healthier diets and lifestyles, eat nutritious food and remain physically active. Better lifestyles can help prevent or modify diseases such as type 2 diabetes.
---
d. What is Horizon 2020?
Horizon 2020 is Europe's 80-billion-euro research and innovation programme, designed to tackle major social challenges.
---
e. Why is research very important to fight against health challenges?
Research helps scientists understand diseases, improve early diagnosis, develop treatments and medicines, and create effective strategies for preventing diseases.
---
f. What result can Horizon 2020 give if it is implemented effectively?
It can produce innovative and effective products, treatments, services and strategies that improve people's health and prevent many diseases.
---
g. What results does the speaker expect from the conference?
She expects the conference to produce innovative ideas, useful discussions and positive results for research and innovation in healthy diets and healthy lives.
---
h. Do you think people of the EU will benefit from this conference?
Yes. They can benefit from better research on nutrition, healthier diets, improved disease prevention and treatment, and innovative health services. Cooperation among countries can also help solve common health problems.
---
E. Speech — Importance of Exercise for a Healthy Life
Importance of Exercise for Healthy Life
Good morning respected teacher and my dear friends,
Today I am going to speak about the importance of exercise for a healthy life.
Exercise is essential for keeping our body and mind healthy. Regular physical activity strengthens our muscles and bones, improves blood circulation and helps maintain a healthy body weight. It also reduces the risk of many lifestyle-related diseases.
Exercise is not only good for our physical health. It also improves our mental health. Walking, running, playing sports and doing yoga can reduce stress and make us feel fresh and energetic.
Therefore, we should make exercise a regular part of our daily lives. We do not always need expensive equipment. Walking, cycling, running and playing outdoor games can also keep us fit.
Thank you.
---
LISTENING — LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
The textbook asks students to listen to an interview with Dr. Carla Shapiro.
Because the audio recording itself is not contained in the supplied text, I won't invent exact audio answers. The questions are:
B. Complete the sentences
a. Dr. Carla Shapiro talks about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in this interview.
b. All babies have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that helps to break the sugar in milk.
c. People from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ generally do not suffer from lactose intolerance.
d. The culture of consuming \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ developed the ability to break down lactose.
e. Food industries have produced \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ products for people who have lactose intolerance.
C. Answer the questions
a. According to the doctor, what is a big problem for many people?
b. What are two digestive problems?
c. What percentage of the world population is lactose intolerant?
d. Why did people begin to depend on milk?
e. Write an alternative for people who are lactose intolerant.
D. Discussion
Model
Other digestive problems include indigestion, constipation, diarrhoea, food intolerance and irritable bowel syndrome. Eating a balanced diet, drinking enough water, exercising regularly and maintaining good eating habits can help prevent many digestive problems.
---
GRAMMAR II — REPORTED IMPERATIVES
A. Choose the Correct Words
a.
The doctor told me to do some exercise every day.
b.
She said, “Don't shout.”
c.
The doctor forbade me to eat junk food.
d.
I told her, “Speak slowly.”
e.
Sumina promised not to tell anyone.
f.
My mother said, “Get out of bed early!”
g.
The mountain guide warned him to take the oxygen cylinder.
h.
Sugam said to me, “Go home and take a rest.”
i.
He ordered us to get out of his way.
j.
The librarian requested them not to make a noise.
These choices follow the unit's rule that imperative verbs are reported with infinitives and negative imperatives use not + infinitive.
---
B. Change into Indirect Speech
a. “Bring some sugar, Punita,” she said. (ask)
She asked Punita to bring some sugar.
b. “You must submit your assignment soon,” the teacher said. (tell)
The teacher told me to submit my assignment soon.
c. “Remember to come early, Anu,” he said. (remind)
He reminded Anu to come early.
d. “You should see a doctor, Mrs Tamang,” he said. (advise)
He advised Mrs Tamang to see a doctor.
e. “Keep all the windows open, Nona,” my father said. (warn)
My father warned Nona to keep all the windows open.
f. “Go home, Prashun,” Furba said. (tell)
Furba told Prashun to go home.
---
C. Report the Sentences in Indirect Speech
a. The hermit said, “Don't idle away your time.”
The hermit advised me not to idle away my time.
b. Madan said to his friend, “Please help me with money.”
Madan requested his friend to help him with money.
c. “Be not afraid, noble prince,” said the Guru.
The Guru advised the noble prince not to be afraid.
d. He said to me, “Let me do my work.”
He requested me to let him do his work.
e. The General said to his troops, “Guard the fort.”
The General ordered his troops to guard the fort.
f. Aaswin said to the teacher, “Please excuse me, madam.”
Aaswin requested the teacher to excuse him.
g. The guide said to the visitors, “Follow me carefully.”
The guide instructed the visitors to follow him carefully.
h. My teacher said to me, “Don't look behind.”
My teacher told me not to look behind.
i. Mother said to the daughter, “Get ready to receive the guests.”
Mother told her daughter to get ready to receive the guests.
j. The boy said to the rescuers, “Please help me to get out of this well.”
The boy requested the rescuers to help him get out of that well.
k. The teacher said to the boys, “Read silently.”
The teacher instructed the boys to read silently.
l. The coach said, “Let's play a friendly football match.”
The coach suggested that they should play a friendly football match.
m. The monk said to us, “Give up bad habits.”
The monk advised us to give up bad habits.
n. Father said to me, “Do not tell a lie.”
Father advised me not to tell a lie.
The textbook specifically explains that “Let's” expressing a suggestion can be reported with *suggested that … should* or *proposed that …*.
---
WRITING II — SPEECH ON OBESITY
Obesity: Causes, Consequences and Prevention
Good morning respected teacher and my dear friends,
Today I am going to speak about obesity, which has become a serious health concern.
The main causes of obesity are unhealthy eating habits, excessive consumption of junk food, lack of physical exercise, sedentary lifestyles and sometimes genetic factors. Eating too much sugar and fat while doing little physical activity can cause excessive weight gain.
Obesity can lead to many health problems, including diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure and other chronic diseases. It can also affect a person's mental and social well-being.
We can prevent obesity by eating a balanced diet, avoiding excessive junk food, exercising regularly, drinking enough water and maintaining healthy sleeping habits. We should also reduce the time spent sitting and increase physical activity.
A healthy lifestyle today can protect us from many diseases tomorrow.
Thank you.
---
PROJECT WORK — WELLNESS WHEEL
The textbook asks students to design their own wellness wheel, showing the activities they perform to stay healthy.
Model Wellness Wheel
Dimension
Activities
Physical
Walking, exercise, sports, healthy   food
Emotional
Relaxation, positive thinking,   talking to friends
Social
Spending time with family and   friends
Intellectual
Reading books, studying, learning   new skills
Spiritual
Meditation, prayer, reflection
Occupational
Studying regularly, developing   skills
Financial
Saving money, avoiding unnecessary   spending
Environmental
Planting trees, keeping   surroundings clean, reducing waste
Short Presentation
Good morning everyone.
This is my wellness wheel. It represents eight dimensions of wellness. I maintain my physical health through exercise and healthy food. I maintain emotional wellness through positive thinking and relaxation. I develop intellectual wellness through reading and learning. I maintain social wellness by spending time with family and friends. I also care for the environment by keeping my surroundings clean and planting trees.
Thank you.
WORK AND LEISURE
CABBAGE WHITE
A. Match the Meanings with the Words
The textbook gives eight meanings and eight words.
Meaning
Answer
a.   to laugh at somebody in an unkind way
mock
b.   very unpleasant
hideous
c.   to twist and turn the body with quick, short movements
wriggle
d.   in a cheerful way
gaily
e.   very surprised or shocked
open-mouthed
f.   to ask for something seriously and emotionally
plead
g.   to make a facial expression showing disapproval
frown
h.   to argue or disagree strongly
dispute
B. Words Related to Walking
The textbook asks for the meanings of sneak, stroll, lurch, stagger, stride and stumble.
1. Sneak
To walk quietly and secretly so that nobody notices.
2. Stroll
To walk slowly and casually for pleasure.
3. Lurch
To move suddenly and unsteadily.
4. Stagger
To walk unsteadily, almost falling.
5. Stride
To walk with long, confident steps.
6. Stumble
To almost fall because you hit something with your foot or lose your balance.
C. Answer the Questions
a. Why do you think the man frowned when Sarah and Jamie gave him their school card?
The man frowned because Sarah and Jamie were very young and he thought farm work was too difficult for children. He was also surprised that schoolchildren were looking for work during their holiday.
---
b. Why were Sarah and Jamie looking for a job instead of going to school?
They were on holiday and wanted to earn some money and support their parents.
---
c. Why was the man ready to give them work on his farm?
The man realized that there was a job they could do despite being children. He asked whether they knew about Cabbage White butterflies and caterpillars and then offered them the task of removing the caterpillars.
---
d. What work were they supposed to do at the man's farm?
They were supposed to check every cabbage in the garden, pick off the caterpillars and collect them in pails.
---
e. Were there really a million or billion caterpillars?
No. The children were exaggerating the number because there were very many cabbages and caterpillars. They were shocked by the enormous size of the cabbage field and the large number of caterpillars.
---
f. What were Sarah and Jamie desperate about?
They were desperate because removing the caterpillars one by one was extremely difficult and time-consuming. There were too many caterpillars, and more butterflies were continuously laying eggs.
---
g. What was Sarah's “brilliant” idea?
Sarah realized that caterpillars came from eggs and butterflies laid the eggs. Therefore, she thought that if they killed the butterflies, there would be no more eggs or caterpillars.
---
h. Were the children happy with their work? Give reasons.
No, they were not happy with their work. They tried to kill the butterflies, but they also destroyed almost all the cabbages. The cabbage field looked like a battlefield. They became exhausted and realized that they had made the situation worse.
---
i. Why did they run away from the farm secretly?
They ran away because they had destroyed almost the entire cabbage crop while trying to kill the butterflies. They were afraid of what the farm owner would do when he saw the damage.
---
D. True, False or Not Given
a. Sarah and Jamie's parents were unable to work to support the family.
Not Given
The text says that the children wanted to earn money and support their parents, but it does not clearly state that their parents were unable to work.
b. Sarah and Jamie have never been to school.
False
They gave the farmer a card from their school, showing that they were school students.
c. The man decides to pay them upon the completion of their work.
False
He said he would first see how they worked and would pay them if he was happy with their work.
d. Sarah and Jamie had not expected to find so many caterpillars in the cabbage field.
True
They were shocked by the enormous number of cabbages, caterpillars and butterflies.
e. Sarah's idea finally worked to finish off their job.
False
Her idea resulted in the destruction of the cabbage field. They killed butterflies but also destroyed the cabbages.
f. They were caught by the farm owner while running away.
False
They secretly left the farm without being caught.
GRAMMAR I — MODAL VERBS
B. Complete the Sentences
The textbook provides the modal verbs could, can't, must, may, should, might and would.
a. This can't be Safal's coat. It is too small for him.
b. Could you please tell me the way to the airport?
c. Would you like to stay with us at the weekend?
d. Do you know where Jack is? He might be in his office.
e. The sky is overcast. It may rain in the afternoon.
f. Sanam has been working in the field all day. She must be tired.
g. The film is really wonderful. You should see it at least once.
---
C. MUST / CAN'T
a. The man is looking around. He must be lost.
b. He can't be a doctor. He has not studied medicine.
c. Sushmita failed the test although she is a smart student. She can't have prepared well this time.
d. The restaurant always serves really good food. They must have employed excellent chefs.
e. There must be something wrong with the fan. It is making an unusual sound.
f. This can't be Sumana's book. There is a stamp of the library on it.
g. He must have had hard times. He has lost his job and has to support his elderly parents.
---
I — LEAVE THIS CHANTING AND SINGING
The poem is written by Rabindranath Tagore. It argues that God should not be sought only through rituals and isolation; instead, people should recognize God in the lives and labour of ordinary working people.
---
A. Vocabulary
a. a small piece of glass or stone threaded to make a necklace
beads
b. to prepare and use land for growing crops
tilling
c. a piece of clothing
mantle
d. a layer of something that covers a surface
coating / covering
e. the state of being rescued from danger, evil or pain
deliverance
f. a substance producing a pleasant smell when burned
incense
g. covered with marks
stained
h. hard unpleasant work that makes you very tired
toil
These words are taken from the poem's vocabulary exercise.
---
B. Modern Equivalents
Archaic   word
Modern   English
dost
do
thou
you
thine
yours
thy
your
---
C. Answer the Questions
a. Who is the poem addressed to?
The poem is addressed to people who are engaged in religious rituals and meditation but fail to recognize God in the real world and among working people.
---
b. What does the speaker advise people?
The speaker advises people to stop merely chanting, singing, counting beads and meditating in isolated places. He asks them to come out and work alongside ordinary people.
---
c. Where do people try to find God?
They try to find God in a lonely, dark corner of a temple, through prayer, chanting, meditation, flowers and incense.
---
d. Where does God actually reside according to the speaker?
God resides among the farmers and labourers—where the tiller works the hard ground and where the pathmaker breaks stones.
---
e. How can people have a glimpse of God?
They can experience God by coming out of isolation and working with ordinary people, sharing their labour, sweat and difficulties.
---
f. Why can't God rescue people?
God cannot simply rescue people from their difficulties because, according to the poem, God himself has accepted the bonds of creation and remains connected with everyone.
---
g. What does the speaker ask people to do in the last stanza?
He asks people to leave their religious rituals, come out into the world and meet God through toil and hard work. They should stand beside working people and share their labour and sweat.
---
D. Do You Believe in God?
Model
Yes, I believe in God. I believe that God represents truth, goodness, compassion and justice. I try to please God by helping others, respecting people, being honest and doing my duties sincerely. I also believe that serving people and doing good work is an important form of worship.
---
GRAMMAR II — FUNCTIONS OF IMPERATIVES
The exercise asks students to match each imperative with its function.
Sentence
Function
a.   Kindly tell me where the bus park is.
viii. making a   request
b.   Go straight and take the first turn on your right.
i. giving   direction
c.   Cook the rice in medium heat until it turns tender.
vi. giving   instruction
d.   Please join us on the tour.
vii. making an   invitation
e.   Don't feed the animals in the zoo!
ii. warning
f.   Wear warm clothes.
iv. giving   advice
g.   Put your hands up!
iii. making a   command
h.   Get out of here at once.
v. making an   order
i.   Let's go for a walk.
suggestion/proposal
SCIENCE AND EXPERIMENT
I THE VOICE OF THE RAIN
YES, YOU CAN BOIL WATER AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
A. Find Words from the Text
The exercise asks for words matching the given meanings.
a. The height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level
altitude
b. A group of atoms bonded together
molecule
c. A state in which opposing forces are balanced
equilibrium
d. To change from gas or vapour to liquid
condense
e. A piece of unreliable information repeated so often that it is accepted as fact
factoid
f. A space or container from which the air has been removed
vacuum
g. A device used to remove blockages from the drain of a basin or tub
plunger
---
B. Complete the Sentences
a.
Water bubbles break down if vapour pressure inside and outside the bubbles is equal.
b.
As the altitude goes up, the boiling point of water decreases.
c.
Random motion of molecules or particles is called thermal motion.
d.
If the door does not open, try turning the key in the lock.
e.
Certain chemicals can cause undesirable changes in the nervous system.
These answers follow the terminology used in the reading.
---
C. Answer the Questions
a. What is the speed of the water particles compared with?
The speed of water particles is compared with the height of a group of adult humans. Just as people have different heights although there is an average height, water particles have different speeds although there is an average speed.
---
b. How are bubbles formed in boiling water?
As water gets hotter, its particles move faster. Eventually, some water molecules have enough energy to push other molecules aside and form small bubbles. The bubbles can continue to exist when the pressure inside them becomes equal to the pressure outside them.
---
c. Mention two things on which external pressure depends.
External pressure depends on:
The water itself, including its depth and density.
The atmosphere, which pushes down on the surface of the water.
---
d. How is the atmosphere related to the pressure of water?
The atmosphere pushes down on the surface of the water. This atmospheric pressure contributes to the total pressure in the water.
---
e. What would happen if atmospheric pressure on liquid water was decreased?
The pressure on the water would decrease. If it became low enough to equal the water's vapour pressure, the water could boil without increasing its temperature.
---
f. What would the experimenter gain if they pulled the plunger out?
Pulling the plunger out would decrease the pressure inside the syringe, causing the water to boil even though its temperature was only about 42°C.
---
D. What Would Happen if There Were No Gravity on Earth?
Model
If there were no gravity on Earth, life would change dramatically. People and objects would not remain on the ground. Water and the atmosphere would not behave as they do now. Oceans and rivers could move away from the Earth's surface, and the atmosphere could escape into space. Plants, animals and humans would not be able to live normally. Therefore, gravity is essential for maintaining life and the environment on Earth.
GRAMMAR I — CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
A. Match the Clauses
The textbook gives eight clauses in two columns.
Answers:
a – iii
If you go to Taplejung, you can see the Pathibhara temple.
b – i
You will get well soon if you follow the doctor's advice.
c – ii
The horse won't kick you unless you go behind it.
d – vi
If I were you, I would see a doctor.
e – iv
What happens if you heat water?
f – v
I would miss the bus if I did not reach the bus stop on time.
g – viii
Provided that they discussed properly, the problem might be solved.
h – vii
As long as they communicate well, they won't have any misunderstanding.
B. Complete the Sentences
a.
If it is cold, I will wear a coat.
b.
If Purna helps with the housework, his mother will have more time for him.
c.
If I were a bird, I would make a good observation of the land below.
d.
If I went to Mustang, I would visit Muktinath.
e.
If I were a billionaire, I would buy a castle.
f.
You'd save petrol if you drove more carefully.
g.
Say “hello” if you see her.
h.
Provided that you consent, I will take a few days' leave next week.
i.
Take care of the pence, the pounds will take care of themselves.
---
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES — EASY NOTES
First Conditional
If + present simple, will + V1
Used for a real/possible future situation.
If it rains, I will stay home.
Second Conditional
If + past simple, would + V1
Used for an unreal or unlikely situation.
If I were rich, I would help poor people.
Unless
Unless = if not
Unless you study, you will fail.
\= If you don't study, you will fail.
Provided that
Means if / on the condition that.
You can go provided that you finish your homework.
As long as
Means provided that / if.
You can use my computer as long as you handle it carefully.
---
WRITING I
INSTRUCTIONS TO DRAW A JELLYFISH
The textbook asks students to write stepwise instructions using words such as circle, lines, semi-straight, creaky, on top of, above and below.
How to Draw a Jellyfish
First, draw a large semi-circle for the body of the jellyfish.
Draw a curved line below the semi-circle.
Make several short, wavy lines below the body.
These lines will represent the tentacles.
Add two small circles for the eyes.
Draw a small curved line for the mouth.
Add a few decorative lines on top of the body.
Make the tentacles longer and slightly curved.
Check the outline and erase unnecessary lines.
Finally, colour the jellyfish as you like.
---
I THE VOICE OF THE RAIN
A. Match the Words with Their Meanings
Word
Meaning
Answer
a. eternal
never-ending
vii
b. impalpable
not easily understood/felt
v
c. vaguely
unclearly
ii
d. descend
come down
i
e. lave
take care of / wash
iv
f. atomies
indivisible particles
iii
g. reck
to pour out as water
vi
B. Fill in the Blanks
Words: impalpable, recks, globe, drought, beautify, latent
a.
The river ran dry during the drought.
b.
It is still impalpable to understand how the earth originated.
c.
The company produces a wide variety of make-up and skin-care products designed to gently and effectively beautify human skin.
d.
His greatest ambition is to sail around the globe.
e.
Without training, his musical talent remained latent.
f.
What recks it whether they win or lose?
---
C. Complete the Summary
The correct words are:
ascends, rhythm, mysterious, atomies, quenches, showers, condensation, originality
Completed Summary:
The rain rises from the land as water vapour and ascends high up to the sky.
It takes the form of clouds. Though it changes its form or shape, its rhythm remains unchanged. It shows that nature is not fully understood. Some parts of it always remain mysterious.
The raindrops pour down from above to wash away atomies and dust layers. It quenches the thirst of the dry Earth and heals everything that is becoming lifeless. In other words, the showers make the Earth pure and beautiful.
Finally, the poet observes that the life of rain is similar to that of a song. A song also has a power to calm, heal, transform and thrill. In the same way, repeated evaporation and condensation purifies the rain. It beautifies the whole earth as originality does to a poem or music.
The exercise and its word bank are given in the textbook.
---
D. Answer the Questions
a. What are the two voices in the poem? Who do they belong to?
The two voices are:
The poet's voice, through which he asks questions.
The voice of the rain, which answers the poet.
The rain identifies itself as the Poem of Earth.
---
b. How is the cyclic movement of rain shown?
The rain cycle begins when water rises from the Earth and sea as invisible water vapour. It ascends to the sky, forms clouds, and then returns to Earth as rain. The water again becomes part of the Earth and eventually evaporates, continuing the cycle.
---
c. Why are showers necessary for the Earth?
Showers are necessary because they quench the thirst of dry Earth, wash away dust, help seeds grow, restore life and make the Earth pure and beautiful.
---
d. How are rain and music similar?
Both rain and music have a cyclic and creative nature. Rain returns to the Earth after rising into the sky, while a song returns to its source after being expressed. Both can calm, heal, transform and beautify.
---
e. How are clouds formed?
Clouds are formed when water from the Earth and sea evaporates, rises into the atmosphere and condenses into tiny water droplets.
---
f. List the pairs of opposite words in the poem.
day — night
rise — descend
birth — fulfilment
land — sea
upward — downward
---
E. What if It Does Not Rain for a Long Time?
If it does not rain for a long time, there will be a drought. Rivers, lakes and underground water sources may dry up. Crops will fail, animals will suffer from lack of water and food, and people may face serious water shortages. Food production will decrease and many ecosystems will be damaged.
---
GRAMMAR II — CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
A. Complete the Sentences
a.
If Gaurab were the captain, the team would play better.
b.
I would have called you had I known you were in Nepal.
c.
If he had not come to Nepal, he would not have seen Mt. Everest.
d.
Had you arrived a bit earlier, you would have seen Manashi.
e.
We could slow down global warming if we reduced energy consumption.
f.
If he were to see me, he would know me at once.
g.
Were Rijisa in the USA, she would be working for a company.
h.
How would you feel if someone asked you for an autograph?
i.
What would you have done if Keshab had proposed to you for marriage?
j.
If I had a life jacket, I could certainly swim across the river.
These forms include second conditional, third conditional and inverted conditional structures.
---
B. Complete with Appropriate Clauses
These are open-ended answers. Suitable answers are:
a.
If you don't leave soon, you will miss the bus.
b.
If it rains in winter, the weather becomes very cold.
c.
I will forgive you as long as you tell the truth.
d.
A country cannot develop unless its citizens work honestly and responsibly.
e.
What will you do if they insult you?
---
WRITING II
LETTER OF COMPLAINT ABOUT UNMANAGED GARBAGE
The textbook asks students to write to the concerned authority about unmanaged garbage, explaining its health hazards and suggesting solutions.
Model Answer
Janakpur-8, Dhanusha
12 August 2026
To,
The Mayor
Janakpurdham Sub-Metropolitan City
Dhanusha, Nepal
Subject: Complaint about unmanaged garbage in our locality
Dear Sir/Madam,
Through this letter, I would like to draw the attention of the concerned authorities to the problem of unmanaged garbage in our locality.
The streets and public places in our neighbourhood are frequently covered with household waste, plastic bags and other rubbish. The garbage produces a bad smell and attracts flies, mosquitoes, stray animals and other insects. It can cause diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid and other infections. It also pollutes the air, soil and water.
I would like to suggest some measures to solve this problem. The municipality should collect garbage regularly and provide sufficient dustbins in public places. People should be encouraged to separate biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. Public awareness campaigns should also be conducted. Those who throw garbage in public places should be fined.
I hope the concerned authority will take immediate action to solve this serious problem.
Yours faithfully,
[Name]
---
PROJECT WORK
LOCAL TECHNOLOGY
The textbook asks students to study a local technology, take notes on its working principles and present it to the class.
Model Project: Traditional Water Mill
Name:
Water Mill (पानीघट्ट)
Location:
Rural areas of Nepal where flowing streams are available.
Materials:
Wooden wheel
Wooden or metal shaft
Grinding stones
Water channel
Supporting structure
Working Principle:
Water from a stream is directed through a narrow channel toward the water wheel. The force of the flowing water turns the wheel. The rotating wheel transfers motion through a shaft to the grinding stone. The stone rotates and grinds grains such as maize, wheat and millet into flour.
Advantages:
Uses renewable water energy.
Does not require electricity.
Helps local communities process grain.
Reduces dependence on modern machines.
Is environmentally friendly.
Conclusion:
The traditional water mill is a useful example of local technology. It shows how people have used natural resources creatively to meet their daily needs.
---
⭐ IMPORTANT WORDS OF UNIT 5
Word
Meaning
altitude
height above sea level
molecule
group of bonded atoms
equilibrium
balanced state
vapour
gas form of a substance
pressure
force exerted on an area
condensation
change from gas to liquid
vacuum
space with little/no air
plunger
device used to remove blockages
drought
long period without rain
eternal
never-ending
impalpable
difficult to feel/understand
latent
existing but not yet developed
atomies
tiny particles
ascend
go upward
descend
come downward
density
mass per unit volume
---
FOOD AND CUISINE
I
STRANGE FOOD FROM AROUND THE WORLD
The text introduces unusual foods from different countries, including haggis from Scotland, shiokara from Japan, jellyfish from China, green ants from Australia, crickets from Thailand, snails from France and bun rieu from Vietnam. The main idea is that food that seems strange to one person may be delicious and normal to people in another culture.
A. Match the Words with Their Meanings
The textbook gives six words and six meanings.
Word
Meaning
Answer
a. ferment
to go through a chemical change
ii
b. squid
a sea creature with a soft body   and tentacles
iii
c. witchetty
a large whitish wood-eating larva
i
d. myrtle
a bush with shiny leaves, flowers   and berries
vi
e. congeal
to change from liquid to solid
iv
f. nutty
having a flavour like nuts
v
---
B. Match the Idioms with Their Meanings
The textbook explains “a bridge too far” as something that is too extreme.
Idiom
Meaning
Answer
a. get out of hand
become difficult to control
Iv
b. miss the boat
be too late to get what you want
V
c. break the ice
make people feel comfortable
I
d. cry over spilt milk
worry about something that cannot   be changed
Iii
e. look before you leap
think about possible bad results   before acting
Ii
---
C. Complete the Sentences
a.
Sometimes even having a food can give us the feeling of winning when it is like taking a risk.
b.
When we travel we have the chance to take chances on things which we do not even think of eating.
c.
The writer became disappointed while having fermented horse milk, which was really bad.
d.
The writer's impression of Japanese food is simple and delicious.
e.
Many people think jellyfish are scary, but Chinese people turn them into food.
f.
Snails become very tasty when they are fried with garlic and butter.
The answers are based on the descriptions in the reading.
---
D. Answer the Questions
a. Why does food become a challenge for people when they travel?
Food becomes a challenge because travellers may encounter dishes that they have never seen or eaten before. They have to take risks and try foods that may initially look or sound strange to them.
---
b. How is haggis prepared?
Haggis is prepared using the heart, liver and lungs of a sheep. They are ground and mixed with mutton fat, oatmeal and spices. The mixture is then packed into a sheep's stomach and boiled for several hours.
---
c. When do you feel that you like shiokara?
The writer gradually begins to like shiokara after getting used to it and eating it while having a good conversation.
---
d. Where can people enjoy bush food?
People can enjoy bush food in Australia.
---
e. Why does the writer find it difficult to eat larger insects?
The writer finds larger insects difficult to eat because anything that requires more than one bite is too much for him.
---
f. Name the country where snails are served as the main dish.
France.
Snails are commonly found on the menus of French restaurants.
---
g. What kind of food is bun rieu?
Bun rieu is a traditional Vietnamese crab-based soup containing noodles, tomatoes, crab meat, pork, lime juice, chilli, herbs, banana flower, bean sprouts and a piece of congealed pig's blood.
---
h. If you have to choose one of the foods from the list above, which one do you choose? Why?
I would choose haggis because it is a traditional Scottish dish and contains meat, oatmeal and spices. I would like to experience its unique taste.
---
E. Which Dish Is the Strangest?
Model
I find bun rieu the strangest dish because it is a soup containing a large piece of congealed pig's blood. Although it sounds unusual, people in Vietnam enjoy it as a traditional food.
---
FOOD FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES — QUICK TABLE
Food
Country
Main feature
Haggis
Scotland
Sheep organs, fat, oatmeal and   spices
Shiokara
Japan
Raw squid with fermented squid   belly
Jellyfish
China
Served in salads and with chicken
Green ants
Australia
Small insects with lemony, peppery   taste
Crickets
Thailand
Deep-fried and crunchy
Snails
France
Fried with garlic and butter
Bun rieu
Vietnam
Crab-based soup with noodles
The textbook describes these dishes as unusual foods that are enjoyed in their respective cultures.
---
GRAMMAR I — CONNECTIVES
The first exercise asks students to join sentence halves using connectives such as because, since, as, so that, in order to and because of.
A. Match the Sentences
a.
I bought a raincoat and an umbrella as the monsoon started.
a – iii
b.
I won't be able to get to school on time as I'm stuck in traffic.
b – ix
c.
The Nepali cricket team is likely to perform well in this tournament because they have got the best coach ever.
c – vi
d.
The construction company has deployed more workers at the site so that they can complete the construction in time.
d – iv
e.
We've decided not to go on holiday this year since the movie was a hit.
e – v
f.
The metropolitan city has planted trees at the side of the road to reduce traffic noise.
f – viii
g.
The flight had been delayed because of the bad weather.
g – vii
h.
We've put a table and chair in the spare bedroom so that Samip can get to study in private.
h – x
i.
Nisha went to visit her sister since she didn't have to go to her office yesterday.
i – ii
j.
We had to queue for two hours in order to utilise the time for planting paddy.
j – i
---
B. Complete the Text with Connectives
The correct choices are:
because
as
and
to
so that
because
Since
because
so
Completed Passage:
The people at the fair were leaving because the lights were going out. The last two people in dodgem cars also left as it was getting dark. The big wheel stopped and the merry-go-round had already stopped.
The stalls closed down and the stall-owners went home. At 2 a.m. four nightwatchmen walked round the funfair to see if there was anyone to be seen.
They were bored because there was nothing to do on that quiet warm night. They had a ride on the merry-go-round. Since the fourth man started the motor, they all went round together.
Suddenly they realized there was no one to stop the machine because all of them were on it. They weren't rescued till morning, so they felt very sick indeed!
---
WRITING I
RECIPE — GAJAR HALUWA
The textbook gives the ingredients and six steps in an incorrect order and asks students to arrange them.
Correct Order
Step 1
Switch on the stove and melt ghee in a pan.
Step 2
Add grated carrots and fry for about seven minutes.
Step 3
When carrot turns slightly golden brown, add milk.
Step 4
Cook this mixture till all milk dries up.
Step 5
Add sugar and cardamom powder after the milk dries up. Cook for four more minutes.
Step 6
Turn off the stove. Gajar haluwa is ready to serve.
---
B. RECIPE — MODEL ANSWER
Momo
Ingredients:
Flour
Water
Minced meat
Onion
Garlic
Ginger
Coriander
Salt
Oil
Spices
Method:
First, prepare soft dough using flour and water.
Prepare the filling by mixing minced meat with onion, garlic, ginger, coriander, salt and spices.
Make small balls from the dough.
Roll each ball into a thin circular wrapper.
Put some filling in the centre.
Fold and seal the wrapper carefully.
Place the momos in a steamer.
Steam them for about 10–15 minutes.
Remove them when they are fully cooked.
Serve hot with tomato chutney.
---
I
YOU INSPIRE OTHERS BY LEARNING, NOT BY TEACHING
The interview is with Nepali chef Santosh Shah, who was shortlisted in the semi-finals of *MasterChef: The Professionals 2020*. The interview was conducted in London.
---
A. Crossword
The textbook gives six clues.
Across
- A method of cooking meat or food
in a cylindrical clay oven
→ Tandoor
- A person having administrative or
supervisory power
→ Executive
Down
- A long pin for holding meat while
roasting
→ Skewer
- The whole of something
→ Entirety
- A feeling of pleasure mixed with
slight sadness when thinking about the past
→ Nostalgia
- Raise to a more important or
impressive level
→ Elevate
- Remove water from food to
preserve it
→ Dehydrate
---
B. TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN
a. The interview was taken in Nepal.
False
It was conducted in London.
b. The judges were quite impressed by Santosh Shah's performance in the quarter-finals.
Not Given
The text does not specifically mention his quarter-final performance.
c. Santosh Shah was from a well-to-do family.
False
He says that he came from a very humble background.
d. With the support of the chef in the tandoor section, Santosh started helping the Executive Chef.
True
He was recommended by the chef and later requested the Executive Chef for an opportunity.
e. The journey of Santosh to MasterChef was full of struggles.
True
He lost his father at five, started working at around 9–10, failed SLC and went to India. He then gradually developed his career through hard work.
f. Santosh is hopeful about the Nepali food market as the food trends are dynamic.
True
He says food trends are dynamic and hopes Nepali food will become more popular internationally.
g. Santosh has made more experiments on food as the tastes of people differ geographically.
True
He explains that Nepali food varies according to geography, communities, techniques and ingredients, and he experiments to suit different audiences.
h. Santosh feels sorry for serving octopus in Nepali style.
False
He was confident about the experiment, and the judges praised the dish highly.
---
C. Answer the Questions
a. What do you think is the reason that heightened the popularity of Chef Shah?
His popularity increased because of his participation in MasterChef: The Professionals, his exceptional cooking skills and his efforts to introduce Nepali cuisine to an international audience.
---
b. Did Shah spend a normal childhood? Why?
No. He did not have a normal childhood. His father died when he was only five years old, and he began working at around nine or ten years old. He later went to India after failing SLC.
---
c. How does Shah feel about his performance in Cinnamon Kitchen?
He feels proud and satisfied with his experience. He says he was able to put Nepali cuisine in the spotlight and introduce it to the world.
---
d. What does Shah want to show the world about Nepali food?
He wants to show that Nepali cuisine is unique, diverse and rich, with different dishes, ingredients and cooking techniques influenced by geography and communities.
---
e. Write two things Chef Shah was careful about while experimenting with sukuti.
He wanted to soften the hard texture of sukuti for people unfamiliar with it.
He wanted to preserve its original taste while changing its texture.
---
f. According to Shah, what two things make a person successful?
According to Shah, a person should:
Never stop learning.
Keep improving their craft and remain positive.
He encourages young Nepalis to continue learning and improving themselves.
---
g. Why does Shah want the Michelin Star for Ayla?
He wants a Michelin Star for Ayla because it would help elevate the profile of Nepali cuisine globally and give Nepali food a separate international identity.
---
SANTOSH SHAH — SHORT SUMMARY
Santosh Shah is a Nepali chef from Siraha. He came from a poor family and lost his father when he was five. He started working at a very young age and later went to India.
He began his culinary career by helping a chef in the tandoor section. He later studied hotel management, English and computers. After about seven years of hard work, he became an executive chef.
He participated in MasterChef: The Professionals 2020 and used the opportunity to introduce Nepali cuisine to the world. He believes Nepali food is diverse, unique and rich. He experiments with traditional dishes while trying to preserve their original taste.
His message to young people is:
Never stop learning and keep improving your skills.
The text emphasizes that people can inspire others through continuous learning.
---
LISTENING — FOOD SCIENCE
The textbook's listening section discusses food science and asks students to complete a process, identify True/False statements and list related sciences.
A. Food-production process — Model Completion
A suitable sequence is:
Grow food
Harvest food
Transport food
Take food to a factory
Process food
Package food
Transport food
Turn raw material into food products
Distribute food
Supply it to grocery-store shelves
The audio-dependent blanks should ideally be checked against the textbook's accompanying recording.
C. True / False
The statements concern whether food science is connected with other sciences, exists in daily life and helps make food production sustainable.
Model answers:
a. False
b. True
c. True
d. True
e. False
---
GRAMMAR II
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The textbook asks students to distinguish present continuous used for now, around the current time, and future arrangements.
---
A. Choose the Correct Time Expressions
a.
The boys are playing cricket now.
b.
The doctors are preparing a report for their most important patient this week.
c.
The students are preparing for a test at the moment.
d.
Currently, the economists are working on the country's financial crisis.
e.
Susan is playing tennis with Tim now.
f.
What are you doing this afternoon?
g.
My teacher is helping us with Maths problem this morning.
h.
The guard is ringing the bell now. It's time to go!
i.
She is still mowing the lawn.
---
B. NOW / AROUND / FUTURE
a.
The local governments are announcing their policies this month.
AROUND
b.
I think Mr. Rai is taking class at the moment.
NOW
c.
We're meeting with Nabina later today.
FUTURE
d.
I'm looking for a new job currently.
AROUND
e.
We're organizing a programme on Wednesday.
FUTURE
f.
They are coming home right now.
NOW
g.
Mom is making dinner for us tonight.
FUTURE
h.
I'm sorry I don't have time. I'm attending a meeting.
NOW
i.
She's looking for a new home as she's sold the old one.
AROUND
---
C. Rewrite the Paragraph
Correct
Why is Neelam smiling? It sounds like an easy question: she is having a good time with friends and she is feeling good after a good shot. But psychologists often argue about this question.
Some believe that smiling is an individual act: we smile because we feel happy unless we try to hide our emotions. Others claim that we smile to build social relationships.
Some animals use a grin to show that they will not fight, for example. Perhaps our smile serves the same function.
So, who's right? In one study, researchers filmed people bowling. If you watch people doing a very social activity like this, it looks as if they always smile. They stop smiling only when they concentrate on their next shot.
But when do they start smiling again? After each good shot, the researchers took photographs to identify when the smile starts – while the player is still looking down the alley or a few seconds later when they turn round to share their happiness with the group.
---
WRITING II
FAST FOOD VS. TRADITIONAL NEPALI FOOD
Question:
Nowadays, many Nepali people prefer fast food like noodles, pizza and burgers to traditional Nepali food. This has adverse effects on health. Do you agree or disagree?
Model Answer
Fast Food and Health
Nowadays, many young people prefer fast foods such as noodles, pizza, burgers and fried foods to traditional Nepali food. I agree that excessive consumption of fast food can have negative effects on health.
Fast food often contains high amounts of fat, salt and sugar. Eating such food regularly can contribute to obesity and other health problems. In contrast, traditional foods such as dal, bhat, vegetables, fruits, beans and lentils can provide a balanced diet when prepared properly. Traditional Nepali foods also represent our culture and local food habits.
Therefore, people should not completely avoid fast food, but they should consume it occasionally. We should give greater importance to fresh, nutritious and locally available foods and develop healthy eating habits.
---
PROJECT WORK
The textbook asks students to identify dishes commonly prepared during festivals or celebrations in their locality, draw pictures showing the preparation steps and present them in class.
Model Project: SEL ROTI
Ingredients:
Rice
Sugar
Ghee or oil
Water
Cardamom
Preparation:
Wash and soak rice.
Grind the soaked rice into a smooth batter.
Add sugar, ghee and cardamom.
Mix everything well.
Heat oil or ghee in a pan.
Pour the batter in a circular shape.
Fry until golden brown.
Turn it over and cook the other side.
Remove and drain excess oil.
Serve hot.
Festivals:
Sel roti is commonly prepared during Dashain and Tihar and other special occasions.
---
⭐ IMPORTANT CONNECTIVES
Connective
Use
Example
because
Reason
I stayed home because it rained.
since
Reason
Since I was tired, I slept early.
as
Reason
As it was raining, we stayed   inside.
so that
Purpose
I study hard so that I can pass.
in order to
Purpose
He works hard in order to succeed.
because of
reason + noun
We stayed home because of rain.
---
⭐ PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Structure
Subject + am/is/are + V-ing
Examples:
I am studying.
She is cooking.
They are playing.
Uses
- Action happening now
She is cooking now.
- Temporary action around the
present
I am looking for a new job.
- Fixed future arrangement
We are meeting tomorrow.
---
⭐ UNIT 6 IMPORTANT VOCABULARY
Word
Meaning
ferment
undergo chemical change
squid
sea creature with tentacles
witchetty
wood-eating larva
myrtle
flowering bush
congeal
become solid
nutty
having a nut-like flavor
haggis
Scottish dish made from sheep   organs
shiokara
Japanese fermented squid dish
jellyfish
marine animal used as food in   China
staple
basic/common food
bush food
food obtained from wild   plants/animals
nostalgia
pleasant feeling about the past
dehydrate
remove water
elevate
raise to a higher level
skewer
long pin used for roasting food
tandoor
cylindrical clay oven
entirety
whole of something
---
CYBER SECURITY
Unit 7 is “Cyber Security.” Its two readings are “Parents” and “Cyber Security: Basic Internet Safety Tips.” The unit also covers criticising, intonation, internet-safety measures, modals, articles, email writing, newspaper-article writing and preparing a cybercrime-awareness pamphlet.
---
I
PARENTS
A. Vocabulary
Match the words with their meanings.
No.
Meaning
Answer
a. remaining hidden to wait   secretly
lurking
b. preoccupied continually to a   troubling extent
obsessed
c. looking at goods in shop   windows without intending to buy
window shopping
d. bringing feet heavily down on   the ground
stamp
e. deserving disapproval; absurd
ridiculous
f. a set of clothes worn for an   occasion
outfit
g. turn aside abruptly
swerve
h. eating something hard noisily
munching
i. gaze in an unpleasant/offensive   way
leer
j. speaking with difficulty and   stopping
stammer
B. Arrange the Events Chronologically
The textbook gives eight events.
Correct order:
e → c → a → g → d → b → h → f
Complete sequence:
e. She told her father about her new e-friend.
c. Anuja told her father that she wanted to see her new friend.
a. Her father accompanied her to meet the friend.
g. He observed that Anuja was looking like a boy in her new dress.
d. She revealed her secret e-identity to her father.
b. They saw a car on the other side of the road.
h. They waited for Anuja's friend for ten minutes.
f. Anuja's father shared the incident with his friend.
---
C. Answer the Questions
a. Why was Anuja unwilling to take her father with her?
Anuja was unwilling to take her father because she considered him overprotective and embarrassing. She wanted to meet her online friend alone and did not think anything bad would happen.
---
b. How does she criticise her father?
She criticises her father by calling him obsessed and overprotective. She thinks he is unnecessarily worried about her safety.
---
c. Describe Anuja's e-friend.
Anuja's e-friend was a person whom she had met online. Anuja believed the friend was a 12-year-old girl, but the story shows that the online identity could not be trusted. They never actually met because the friend's mother became suspicious and took her daughter away.
---
d. What did Anuja's father propose?
He proposed that he would accompany Anuja in the car. He promised to stay in the car and allow her to meet the girl if the person waiting was really a 12-year-old girl. If no girl appeared, they would wait for ten minutes and return.
---
e. What was the shocking news for her father?
The shocking news was that Anuja had pretended to be a boy while chatting with her online friend. The girl knew Anuja as a boy.
---
f. Why did they return without meeting Anuja's friend?
They returned because no girl appeared at the meeting place within ten minutes. The father thought that the online friend must have been fake. Later, he learned that the girl's mother had actually brought her daughter there but took her away after seeing him.
---
g. Why did Dhurva laugh at the story?
Dhurva laughed because he knew the real reason the girl had not appeared. The girl's mother had seen Anuja's father waiting near the meeting place and thought he was a suspicious old man, so she did not allow her daughter to get out of the car.
---
h. How did the girl's mother see Anuja's father? Why didn't they talk?
The girl's mother saw him as a suspicious and lecherous old man lurking near the meeting place. She did not talk to him because she became suspicious and immediately took her daughter home.
---
D. Consequences of Fake Identities and Cyberbullying
Faking identities and bullying people online can have serious consequences. They can cause:
Mental stress and fear.
Loss of trust.
Damage to someone's reputation.
Financial loss.
Blackmail and harassment.
Identity theft.
Cybercrime.
Problems in personal and social relationships.
Therefore, people should use social media responsibly and never share sensitive information with strangers.
---
PRONUNCIATION
Intonation Patterns
The textbook asks students to read the sentences with correct pronunciation and identify their intonation patterns.
Answers:
a. I'm going to meet my e-mail friend.
→ Falling intonation ↘
b. Why? Is it because I'm 60 years old?
→ Why = Falling ↘; Yes/No question = Rising ↗
c. God! I tried to digest this new information.
→ Exclamation = Falling ↘
d. Is it because I'm 60 years old? Or is it because I've a big belly?
→ Rising intonation ↗
e. She knows me as a boy, doesn't she?
→ Falling ↘ when asking for confirmation.
f. Do you know what she said about you?
→ Rising ↗ because it is a yes/no question.
g. They came out of the car, waited for the girl and finally returned home.
→ Falling ↘ at the end.
h. You are obsessed, Dad.
→ Falling ↘
---
GRAMMAR I — MODALS
The textbook focuses on should, ought to and must for advice, moral obligation and compulsion.
A. Identify the Function
a. You should raise your voice against discrimination.
Advice
b. You must abide by the traffic rules while driving.
Compulsion / strong obligation
c. You ought to be fair in your judgment.
Moral obligation / advice
---
B. Complete the Sentences
a.
Every child should take good care of their aging parents.
b.
If you want to lose weight, you should exercise regularly.
c.
Someone picked my pocket.
You must inform the police about it.
d.
The movie was great. You should go and see it.
e.
We must not disrespect our nation at any cost.
f.
You look ill. You should see a doctor.
g.
In order to maintain healthy habits, we should go to bed early and get up early.
h.
You shouldn't offend people with your harsh words.
i.
We should learn to apologise to people to build trust and cooperation.
j.
If you find someone's goods, you should try to return them to the respective person.
---
MODALS — EASY NOTES
Should
Used mainly for advice.
You should study hard.
Ought to
Used for advice or moral responsibility.
We ought to respect our parents.
Must
Used for strong obligation, necessity or compulsion.
You must obey traffic rules.
Negative
should not → shouldn't
must not → mustn't
ought not to → oughtn't to (rare)
---
WRITING I
Reply Email
The textbook asks Niti to reply to Sambridhi and apologise for not attending her brother's wedding because of an urgent family matter.
Model Answer
To: [sambridhi@example.com](mailto\:sambridhi@example.com)
Subject: Apology for Missing Your Brother's Wedding
Dear Sambridhi,
Thank you very much for inviting me to your brother's wedding. I am really sorry that I could not attend the function.
Unfortunately, I had to deal with an urgent family matter at home. Because of this, I was unable to come to the wedding. I feel very sorry for missing such an important occasion.
Please convey my best wishes to your brother and his bride. I hope they have a happy and successful married life.
Once again, I apologise for my absence.
Best wishes,
Niti
---
I
CYBER SECURITY: BASIC INTERNET SAFETY TIPS
The reading explains that modern life is closely connected with the internet, but greater online activity also increases the risk of criminals accessing personal information. It gives practical safety measures for passwords, devices, Wi-Fi, software updates, two-factor authentication, privacy and backups.
---
Before Reading
a. What do the pictures show?
They show different aspects of internet use and cyber security, including online accounts, passwords, devices and protection against cybercrime.
b. What precautions should we take while using the internet?
Use strong and unique passwords.
Keep passwords private.
Use two-factor authentication.
Update software regularly.
Avoid unsecured public Wi-Fi.
Do not share personal information with strangers.
Use secure websites.
Back up important data.
Be careful about links and attachments.
Accept social-media requests only from people you know.
These recommendations are directly reflected in the reading.
---
A. Match the Words with Their Meanings
Word
Meaning
Answer
a. possession
something that you own
v
b. intertwined
closely connected
viii
c. integration
combining two or more things
vii
d. avoid
prevent something bad
i
e. sensitive
quick to detect/respond to changes
ii
f. proliferated
increased rapidly
ix
g. shielding
protecting from danger/harm
iv
h. promptly
without delay
x
i. authentication
proving something is real/true
vi
j. transaction
an act of buying/selling
iii
Final
a–v, b–viii, c–vii, d–i, e–ii, f–ix, g–iv, h–x, i–vi, j–iii
---
B. True or False
a. It is a good idea to use the same password in different accounts.
False
The text recommends different password combinations for different accounts.
b. Teenagers are more vulnerable than any other age groups.
False
The text says children, teenagers and senior citizens are particular vulnerable groups, not that teenagers alone are the most vulnerable.
c. It is not safe to let the computer remember our passwords.
True
The text recommends disabling auto-login and “Remember my password” options.
d. A cheap debit card is safer than an expensive one.
False
The reading says chip debit cards are more secure than traditional magnetic-strip cards.
e. It is not safe to enable automatic software updates.
False
The text recommends setting up automatic updates so important security upgrades are not missed.
f. We should never enter financial details on websites.
False
We should never enter financial information on an insecure website, but secure websites may be used for transactions.
---
C. Match the Paragraph Headings
The reading contains sections A–H.
Answers:
a. Keep your Personal Data Safe → H
b. Keep Personal Information Private → G
c. Set up Two-factor Authentication → F
d. Make Sure your Devices are Secure → C
e. Be Careful about WiFi → E
f. Pay Attention to Software Updates → D
g. Back up your Personal Data → H
h. Protect your Personal Information with Strong Passwords → A
Note: The textbook's heading list contains two ideas that overlap with section H; section H specifically discusses backing up personal data. The other headings map directly to the sections as above.
---
D. Answer the Questions
a. How do we try to protect our physical property?
We lock our doors, use bike locks and keep valuable possessions in a safe.
---
b. What should we do to keep our passwords secret?
We should create strong, difficult-to-guess passwords, use different passwords for different accounts, change them regularly, never share them and store them securely.
---
c. Mention any two safety measures for shopping with debit cards.
Shield the PIN pad when entering the PIN.
Use a chip debit card.
The text also recommends checking for suspicious card skimmers and using secure websites for transactions.
---
d. How can we secure our accounts even when someone finds our password?
We can enable two-factor authentication. It adds an extra layer of security even if someone knows our password.
---
e. Why should we make online friends only from familiar people?
Because we cannot always know the real identity or intentions of people we meet online. Accepting requests only from people we know personally reduces the risk of scams, fake identities, cyberbullying and other online dangers.
---
f. What can we do to keep our online data safe?
Use strong passwords.
Enable two-factor authentication.
Keep devices secure.
Install software updates.
Avoid unsecured Wi-Fi.
Keep personal information private.
Back up important information.
Use secure websites.
Be careful with online friends and messages.
---
E. Personal Experience
Model
Yes, I once accidentally deleted an important file from my computer. Fortunately, I had saved a backup copy on another device, so I was able to recover it. This taught me that regularly backing up important data is very important.
---
GRAMMAR II — ARTICLES
A. Fill in with A or AN
a.
I have a fever and I feel dizzy.
b.
Would you like to be an actor in the future?
c.
What a lovely garden you have!
d.
We spent half an hour in complete silence.
e.
Please keep an eye on our house.
f.
Mr. Napit has brought an ewe in his farm.
g.
Ms. Sharma's opinion was criticised as having a one-dimensional perspective.
h.
We had to catch an early bus.
These exercises are given in the textbook.
---
B. Fill in A, AN or THE
a.
Could you open the window, please?
b.
Did you read the book I gave you last week?
c.
We had to sit on the floor.
d.
Can you play the flute well?
e.
You have a lovely house. I am particularly impressed by the living room.
f.
The president is elected every five years in Nepal.
g.
She looks like a European.
h.
This is the biggest fish I have ever caught.
i.
Bhartmani is known to be a man of action.
---
C. Fill in the Correct Articles
Use × when no article is needed.
a.
Mrs. Paudel went to the school to meet her son's teacher.
b.
What time did you get × home yesterday?
c.
The Netherlands consists of twelve provinces.
d.
× Mt. Everest is the pride of our country.
e.
The Nile is the longest river in Africa.
f.
× New Road is a financial hub in Kathmandu.
g.
× Aarohan Gurukul Theater was founded in 1982.
h.
What did you have for × breakfast this morning?
i.
Braille system was developed to help the blind with reading and writing.
j.
Do you always play × badminton at school?
The article exercise is reproduced in the textbook.
---
ARTICLES — EASY NOTES
A
Use a before a consonant sound.
a boy
a university
a European
AN
Use an before a vowel sound.
an apple
an hour
an actor
THE
Use the when talking about a specific or already known thing.
the book I gave you
the sun
the Nile
NO ARTICLE
We often use no article with:
meals: breakfast, lunch, dinner
sports: football, cricket, badminton
some proper names: Mt. Everest, New Road
---
WRITING II
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
INTERNET AND CYBER SECURITY
The textbook asks students to write an article covering the introduction to internet technology, daily uses, abuses, data privacy and conclusion.
INTERNET AND CYBER SECURITY
By: A Student Journalist
The internet has become an essential part of modern life. It allows people to communicate, study, work, shop, entertain themselves and access information from anywhere in the world. Computers, smartphones and other digital devices have made our daily activities faster and easier.
However, the internet also has some disadvantages. Cybercriminals can steal passwords, financial information and personal identities. Fake accounts, cyberbullying, online scams, hacking, malware and identity theft are some common cyber threats.
Therefore, data privacy and cyber security are extremely important. Users should create strong and unique passwords, enable two-factor authentication, update software regularly and avoid unsecured public Wi-Fi. People should also avoid sharing sensitive information with strangers and should use only secure websites for financial transactions.
In conclusion, the internet is a powerful and useful technology, but it must be used responsibly. Everyone should develop good cyber-security habits to protect themselves and others from online threats.
---
PROJECT WORK
CYBERCRIME AWARENESS PAMPHLET
The textbook asks students to prepare a pamphlet showing cybercrime and awareness measures and display it in class.
CYBERCRIME AWARENESS
STAY SAFE ONLINE!
Common Cybercrimes
Hacking
Identity theft
Phishing
Cyberbullying
Online fraud
Fake accounts
Password theft
Malware attacks
Online scams
Protect Yourself
Use strong passwords.
Use different passwords for different accounts.
Enable two-factor authentication.
Keep software updated.
Never share passwords or PINs.
Avoid unsecured public Wi-Fi.
Do not click suspicious links.
Do not accept unknown friend requests.
Keep personal information private.
Back up important files.
Report cyberbullying and suspicious activity.
Remember:
THINK BEFORE YOU CLICK!
STOP • CHECK • PROTECT
---
⭐ UNIT 7 IMPORTANT VOCABULARY
Word
Meaning
cyber security
protection against online/digital   threats
fake
not genuine
bully
repeatedly harm/intimidate someone
obsessed
excessively preoccupied
lurking
hiding/waiting secretly
ridiculous
Absurd
outfit
set of clothes
swerve
turn suddenly
stammer
speak with difficulty
possession
something owned
intertwined
closely connected
integration
combination
sensitive
requiring careful protection
proliferate
increase rapidly
shielding
protecting
authentication
verification of identity
transaction
buying/selling activity
promptly
without delay
privacy
freedom from unwanted access
phishing
fraudulent attempt to obtain   information
malware
harmful software
encryption
converting information into   protected form
---
⭐ IMPORTANT INTERNET SAFETY MEASURES
The reading specifically recommends the following measures:
- Strong Passwords
Use different passwords for different accounts, combine letters, numbers and special characters, keep passwords private and change them regularly.
- Protect Personal Information
Do not expose sensitive financial or personal information on insecure websites.
- Secure Devices
Use passwords, screen locks, fingerprint readers or face scanning and secure all devices.
- Update Software
Install security updates promptly and use automatic updates.
- Be Careful with Wi-Fi
Avoid unsecured public Wi-Fi and protect your own Wi-Fi with a strong password.
- Two-Factor Authentication
Use two-factor authentication to add another layer of account security.
- Protect Online Privacy
Do not reveal account details and accept social-media requests only from people you know personally.
- Back Up Data
Keep backups of important personal information on external storage and create new backups regularly.
---
UNIT 8 — HOBBIES AND INTERESTS
Complete Exercise Answers — Grade 10 English
Unit 8 of the CDC Grade 10 English textbook is “Hobbies and Interests.” It includes Common Hobbies, the poem “Climbing”, expressing preferences, consonant clusters, talking about hobbies, active/passive voice, essay writing, advertisement writing, paraphrasing, and an interview/chart project.
---
- GETTING
STARTED
Question a. What are the common hobbies people often practise?
Common hobbies include reading, dancing, collecting antiques, painting, photography, writing and knitting. Other common hobbies include fishing, camping, hunting and hiking.
Question b. What is your hobby? Why did you choose it?
Model
My hobby is reading. I chose it because reading gives me knowledge, improves my vocabulary and helps me relax. I can read books anywhere without needing expensive equipment.
---
I
COMMON HOBBIES
The text explains that hobbies are not only forms of entertainment but also help people develop creativity and discover hidden talents. Different hobbies are popular in different cultures and countries.
---
A. VOCABULARY
- Synonyms and Antonyms
Word
Answer
a. unrevealed — synonym
hidden
b. sharpen — synonym
hone
c. boring — antonym
exciting
d. unexcited — antonym
passionate / excited
e. healing — synonym
therapeutic
f. frame — synonym
border
The text specifically uses hone, exciting, and therapeutic in its discussion of hobbies.
---
B. Words/Phrases — Meanings and Sentences
a. Ignite
Meaning: to start or stimulate something.
Sentence: Reading can ignite our creativity.
b. In-demand
Meaning: wanted or popular.
Sentence: Hiking is an in-demand hobby in some countries.
c. Let off
Meaning: release or get rid of.
Sentence: Dancing helps me let off excess energy.
d. A notch
Meaning: a small degree or level.
Sentence: I want to take my photography skills up a notch.
e. Passionate
Meaning: having a strong interest or enthusiasm.
Sentence: She is passionate about painting.
f. Refurbishing
Meaning: repairing and improving something old.
Sentence: My grandfather enjoys refurbishing old furniture.
g. A blog
Meaning: a website or online page where someone regularly writes about topics.
Sentence: I write a blog about books.
h. Hanging out
Meaning: spending time relaxing with friends.
Sentence: I enjoy hanging out with my friends at weekends.
---
C. TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN
The textbook asks students to mark each statement as True, False or Not Given.
a. Outdoor hobbies are more popular than indoor hobbies.
NG
The text says some people prefer outdoor hobbies while others prefer indoor hobbies, but it does not state that outdoor hobbies are more popular.
b. You need more effort for reading than for other hobbies.
False
Reading does not require special equipment and is relatively easy to practise.
c. Only good dancers choose dancing as their hobby.
False
The text says almost everyone enjoys dancing, even people who are poor dancers.
d. Antiques are also used for interior decoration in a house.
True
The text says people who have an eye for tasteful décor may enjoy collecting antiques.
e. Paintings can be used to express your feelings.
True
Painting allows people to be creative, relaxed and expressive.
f. People who choose photography as their hobbies are pro photographers.
False
The text clearly says that one does not need to be a professional photographer.
g. Keeping journals helps people become successful.
True
The text says studies show that many successful people keep journals.
h. Flexibility in time and place is the best part of knitting.
True
Knitting can be done on a bus, while watching television, listening to music or spending time with friends.
---
D. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. What aspects of our life influence the hobbies we choose?
Our hobbies are influenced by our individual preferences, interests, culture, lifestyle and the people around us. Different people choose different hobbies according to their interests and circumstances.
---
b. What makes reading the most popular hobby?
s popular because it is entertaining and educational. It improves us,
provides information, offers many genres and does not require special equipment. We can read books anywhere.
---
c. How can people practise dancing?
People can dance at home simply for fun. They can also join a dance studio or take online dancing courses.
---
d. What things are necessary for one to go with painting?
A person needs paints and brushes. They can paint on an easel or create murals. They do not need to be a great painter to start.
---
e. Write the benefits of doing photography.
Photography:
Helps preserve memories.
Provides beautiful pictures.
Encourages creativity.
Can be practised with a phone or camera.
Does not require expensive equipment or professional skills.
---
f. Why has writing become a popular hobby?
Writing has become popular because it gives people freedom to express themselves. People can write about their daily activities, recipes, experiences, knowledge, blogs, books and poems. Keeping journals can also reduce stress and increase productivity.
---
g. How can knitting be rewarding to a person?
Knitting helps people use their free time productively. They can make clothes and gifts for family and friends. It also exercises the hands and improves coordination. Moreover, it can be done almost anywhere.
---
E. Does a hobby help in professional career?
Yes, a hobby can help a person in a professional career. Hobbies develop creativity, confidence, discipline and practical skills. For example, photography can lead to a career in photography or media, writing can lead to journalism, and painting can lead to graphic design or art. Therefore, a suitable hobby can become a future profession.
---
GRAMMAR I
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
A. Complete the Sentences
a.
Ganga feeds the dogs.
The dogs are fed by Ganga.
b.
The police catch a lot of criminals in London.
A lot of criminals are caught in London.
c.
They often help us.
We are often helped by them.
d.
They don't rent cars there.
Cars aren't rented there.
e.
Do you turn the laptop on first?
Is the laptop turned on first?
f.
Somebody follows me home every evening.
Every evening I am followed home.
g.
We usually leave a saucer of milk for the cat.
A saucer of milk is usually left for the cat.
h.
I like journalists following me on the way.
I like being followed by journalists on the way.
i.
I loathe people pulling my hair.
I loathe having my hair pulled.
j.
Ashmina adores teachers checking her notebooks.
Ashmina adores having her notebooks checked by teachers.
k.
Deuniya does not mind anyone mocking at him.
Deuniya does not mind being mocked at.
---
B. CHANGE INTO PASSIVE VOICE
a.
The gardener waters the flowers every day.
The flowers are watered by the gardener every day.
b.
People see foxes in their gardens at night.
Foxes are seen in their gardens at night.
c.
We expect students not to talk during examination.
Students are expected not to talk during examination.
d.
Rivers of fresh water form this lake.
This lake is formed by rivers of fresh water.
e.
National parks attract many domestic and foreign tourists.
Many domestic and foreign tourists are attracted by national parks.
f.
They promise him higher wages.
He is promised higher wages.
g.
Does Biraj always beat Balgopal?
Is Balgopal always beaten by Biraj?
h.
Nobody knows the secret.
The secret is known by nobody.
i.
They are sure to help the helpless.
The helpless are sure to be helped by them.
j.
Scientists have to discover a more effective vaccine for Covid-19.
A more effective vaccine for Covid-19 has to be discovered by scientists.
k.
What do they prefer to eat?
What is preferred to be eaten by them?
l.
Sources say most people in the region are still illiterate.
It is said that most people in the region are still illiterate.
---
EASY NOTE — ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
Active:
Subject + Verb + Object
Ram writes a letter.
Passive:
Object + be + V³ + by + Subject
A letter is written by Ram.
Examples:
Tense
Passive
Present Simple
is/am/are + V³
Past Simple
was/were + V³
Present Perfect
has/have been + V³
Future
will be + V³
Modal
can/must/should + be + V³
---
WRITING I
ESSAY ON HOBBIES
Question:
Write an essay on your hobbies explaining how they might influence your career.
My Hobby and My Future Career
Everyone has different hobbies and interests. A hobby is an activity that we enjoy doing in our free time. My favourite hobby is reading.
I like reading because it gives me knowledge and improves my language skills. It also increases my imagination and helps me understand different people, cultures and ideas. Whenever I have free time, I read books, newspapers and online articles.
My hobby may also influence my future career. Reading can help me develop communication, vocabulary, writing and analytical skills. These skills will be useful if I choose a career in teaching, journalism, writing or public service.
Therefore, hobbies are not simply ways of passing time. They can develop our personality and skills and may even guide us towards a suitable career.
---
I
CLIMBING — AMY LOWELL
The poem describes a speaker climbing an apple tree higher and higher. The branches are compared to the steps of a staircase, and the speaker sees the shining town, spire, turret and dome from above. The speaker is determined to reach the top.
---
A. FIND THE WORDS
a. a small flash of light, especially a reflected one
glint
b. main branch of a tree
bough
c. a little tower of a building or castle
turret
d. a set of steps leading from one floor to another
stair
e. causing great wonder; extraordinary
marvelous
---
B. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
a. What does the speaker view from the branch of the tree?
iii. the town
b. What aids the speaker to go up and up?
ii. the branches on the tree
c. What does the speaker compare the glow of a dome with?
iii. sea foam
d. Which statement is true?
ii. The speaker is sure to get to the top of the tree now.
e. What is the message of the poem?
i. We should not give up in the middle of any situation or a goal.
---
C. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. Why does the speaker want to climb the tree?
The speaker wants to climb the tree because she wants to go higher and see the beautiful town and surroundings from above. She is also determined to reach the top of the tree.
---
b. What things are shining brightly when viewed from above?
The spire, turret and dome are shining brightly. They are described as sparkling and bright like white sea foam.
---
c. Is it the first time that the speaker has climbed up the tree? How do you know?
No, it is not the first time. The speaker says, “Before, I have always had to stop,” which shows that she had climbed the tree before but had never reached the top.
---
d. Make a list of words describing light or brightness.
shining
gleam
glint
sparkling
bright
glittering
flash
---
e. What do the sky and earth symbolise?
The sky can symbolise high goals, dreams and success, while the earth can symbolise our present position or ordinary life. The speaker's movement upward suggests progress towards a goal.
---
D. Do you agree with the statement about determination?
Yes, I agree. Determination helps us continue working even when we face difficulties. A determined person does not give up easily. If we have a clear goal and continue making efforts, we have a better chance of achieving success.
---
GRAMMAR II
PASSIVE WITH BEING AND HAVING
A. Change into Passive Voice
a.
Puja hates people shouting at her in the street.
Puja hates being shouted at in the street.
b.
Jahagir can't stand beggars wiping his feet.
Jahagir can't stand having his feet wiped by beggars.
c.
Our class teacher detests students flattering her.
Our class teacher detests being flattered by students.
d.
The headteacher likes teachers checking students' homework.
The headteacher likes having students' homework checked by teachers.
e.
The actress does not mind journalists following her.
The actress does not mind being followed by journalists.
f.
Rebika prefers people writing to her better than talking to her on the lines.
Rebika prefers being written to rather than being talked to on the lines.
---
B. CHANGE INTO ACTIVE VOICE
a.
A lot of books are stored online by various sites.
Various sites store a lot of books online.
b.
Computers are repaired with warranty here.
They repair computers with warranty here.
c.
Chinese is rarely spoken in our community.
People in our community rarely speak Chinese.
d.
The criminal is thought to have fled to another country.
People think that the criminal has fled to another country.
e.
It is believed that the film can spell the spectators.
People believe that the film can spell the spectators.
f.
It is expected that the war is going to end soon.
People expect that the war is going to end soon.
g.
She is supposed to be married.
People suppose that she is married.
h.
I hate being kept waiting.
I hate people keeping me waiting.
i.
She loves having her clothes praised.
She loves people praising her clothes.
j.
This road is not very often used.
People do not use this road very often.
k.
Ajima is never punished by teachers.
Teachers never punish Ajima.
l.
Many accidents are caused by speeding.
Speeding causes many accidents.
---
WRITING II
A. JOB ADVERTISEMENT
The textbook asks students to imagine that they are the headteacher and advertise a vacancy for a Secondary Level English Teacher, including qualification, experience, deadline and other information.
VACANCY ANNOUNCEMENT
SHREE SECONDARY SCHOOL
Vacancy for Secondary Level English Teacher
Applications are invited from qualified, experienced and dedicated candidates for the post of Secondary Level English Teacher.
Position: Secondary Level English Teacher
Required Qualification: Bachelor's Degree in English or equivalent
Experience: At least 2 years of teaching experience preferred
Skills: Good communication, classroom-management and ICT skills
Salary: Negotiable according to qualification and experience
Deadline: 15 September 2026
Interested candidates are requested to submit their application, CV, copies of academic certificates and citizenship certificate to the school office before the deadline.
Contact: School Administration
Email: [school@example.com](mailto\:school@example.com)
---
B. PARAPHRASING
a. Women and Employment
Paraphrased
Women were traditionally expected to focus mainly on motherhood and household responsibilities. However, in recent years, they have increasingly entered the workforce. Although complete equality with men has not yet been achieved, their position in employment has improved considerably.
---
b. Hawthorne Studies
Paraphrased
During the 1920s, American researcher Elton Mayo studied how the physical workplace affected workers' productivity. His research, called the Hawthorne Studies, showed that even small improvements, such as changing lighting or room arrangement, could encourage workers to work more efficiently.
---
PROJECT WORK
HOBBIES AND CAREER CHART
The textbook asks students to interview at least five friends about their hobbies, identify possible careers and prepare a chart.
Model Chart
Friend
Hobby
Possible Career
Suman
Reading
Teacher/Writer
Riya
Photography
Photographer
Amit
Painting
Artist/Designer
Nisha
Singing
Singer
Raj
Playing football
Professional player/Coach
Conclusion
Our hobbies can help us identify our interests and strengths. Some hobbies can develop into successful careers if we practise them regularly and develop professional skills.
---
⭐ IMPORTANT VOCABULARY OF UNIT 8
Word
Meaning
hobby
an activity done for pleasure in   free time
ignite
stimulate/start
hidden
not revealed
hone
sharpen/improve
prevalent
widespread/common
in-demand
highly wanted
genre
type/category of art or literature
flexibility
ability to move/change easily
mobility
ability to move
passionate
strongly interested
antique
old and valuable object
refurbish
repair and improve
therapeutic
having a healing/relaxing effect
photography
art of taking photographs
exposure
amount of light reaching a camera   sensor
journal
record of daily experiences
knitting
making clothes by interweaving   yarn
bough
large branch of a tree
turret
small tower
spire
pointed structure on top of a   building
gleam
soft or reflected light
glint
small flash of light
pinnacle
highest point
cluster
group of things close together
---
⭐ EXPRESSING PREFERENCE — EXAM NOTES
Prefer + noun
I prefer tea to coffee.
Prefer + gerund
I prefer reading to watching television.
Would prefer
I would prefer to stay home.
Would rather
I would rather read than watch TV.
Prefer...rather than...
I'd prefer to study rather than play.
HISTORY AND CULTURE
I
PRATAP MALLA
A. VOCABULARY
Complete the sentences with words from the text.
a.
Queen Rajendra Laxmi ruled the country as a regent because her son Rana Bahadur Shah was too young.
b.
Many buildings were reconstructed as they were destroyed by the earthquake.
c.
Many temples had their pinnacles made of gold.
d.
As the original trophy was stolen, they made the exact replica of it.
e.
Madhav Prasad Ghimire was conferred the title 'Rastrakavi' in 2003.
f.
The government honoured Jhamak Kumari Ghimire for her contribution to Nepali literature.
g.
The British soldiers tried to invade Nepal but the brave Nepali people chased them away.
---
B. CHOOSE THE BEST ALTERNATIVE
a. Why did Pratap Malla keep his father in jail?
ii. Pratap Malla wanted to be the king soon.
More precisely, the text explains that his father's madness had become worse, so Pratap Malla imprisoned him and ruled as regent.
b. What made Kantipur a strong state during Pratap Malla's reign?
ii. Pratap Malla's diplomacy
c. Which of the following was not renovated by Pratap Malla?
iv. Temple of Budhanilkantha
He brought water from Budhanilakantha and installed a replica of the reclining Narayan there, but the text lists Pashupatinath, Taleju, Degutale and Basuki Bhimsen among the temples he renovated.
d. Which did not happen during Pratap Malla's reign?
iii. Invasion of Kantipur
Trade flourished, art and literature developed, and neighbouring kings did not dare to invade Kantipur.
---
C. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. Name two countries that had trade with Kantipur.
The two countries/regions were India and China. The text also mentions trade with Lhasa (Tibet).
---
b. How did Pratap Malla keep his kingdom safe from Lalitpur and Bhaktapur?
He used clever diplomacy. He made the kings of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur compete against each other. Sometimes he supported Bhaktapur against Lalitpur and sometimes Lalitpur against Bhaktapur. Thus, neither kingdom could easily attack Kantipur.
---
c. Where did Pratap Malla place the image of Lord Hanuman? Why?
He placed the image of Hanuman, the monkey god, beside the gate of his palace. He did this to ward off evil. The palace was then called Hanumandhoka.
---
d. Does the title 'Kabeendra' suit Pratap Malla? Give reasons.
Yes, the title Kabeendra, meaning “king of poets,” suits him. He was a highly learned king and could compose poems in Sanskrit, Nepal Bhasa, Nepali, Bengali and Hindi. He also knew Arabic, Roman and English scripts.
---
e. What does inviting intellectuals to his palace indicate about his personality?
It shows that Pratap Malla was a learned, cultured, broad-minded and scholarly king. He respected intellectuals and encouraged art, literature, music and scholarship.
---
D. Contributions of Pratap Malla
Some contributions that still exist include:
Hanumandhoka Palace
Ranipokhari
Pratappur
Kabeendrapur
Renovated Pashupatinath Temple
Renovated Taleju Temple
Renovated Degutale Temple
Sundari Chowk
Mohan Chowk
Images and structures at Swayambhu
Golden palace gate
The text specifically describes several of these architectural and cultural contributions.
---
⭐ SHORT SUMMARY OF PRATAP MALLA
Pratap Malla was one of the most famous kings of the Malla Dynasty. He became regent when his father Laxmi Nara Singh became mentally ill. He was an able administrator and developed Kantipur through diplomacy, trade, architecture, religion and culture.
He renovated several temples and built important structures. He was also a great poet and scholar. He patronised intellectuals and musicians and called himself Kabeendra, the king of poets. During his 33-year reign, Nepal experienced peace, prosperity and cultural development.
---
GRAMMAR I
PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS
A. Match and Change the Verbs
The exercise gives sentence halves involving actions that happened simultaneously or were interrupted.
Answers:
a. The alarm went off when the telephone rang.
b. As soon as the teacher asked the question, Brinda replied to her.
c. I was doing my homework while Trishna was sleeping.
d. When the doors opened, the audience rushed into the stadium.
e. When we woke up, we saw the sun shining brightly.
---
B. Complete the Sentences
a.
When I arrived home, my dad was preparing snacks for me.
b.
That day, when we left home, the sky was overcast and it was drizzling.
c.
Last week, we booked a hotel online. The hotel was really wonderful. The staff were standing at the gate to welcome us when we reached there.
d.
Were the children sleeping when you reached home that night?
e.
Something very strange happened on my way home yesterday. I was walking along the way. Suddenly, I saw my grandfather following me. But he had died a year ago.
f.
We were travelling to Chitwan when the police stopped us on the way. According to them, there was a bomb there. So, we had to wait for an hour.
---
C. Make Sentences
a.
It began to snow while we were returning home.
b.
Kamal fell off while he was playing on the verandah.
c.
Amit was waiting for me when I reached the station.
d.
Simran was taking my photos while I was not looking at the camera.
e.
What were you doing yesterday when I called you?
f.
I broke the glass while I was washing it.
g.
The teacher entered the class while some students were dancing.
h.
I found the lost purse while I was cleaning the room.
i.
Dipisha finished her homework while her brother was watching TV.
---
WRITING I
NEPAL'S JOURNEY FROM PANCHAYAT TO MULTIPARTY DEMOCRACY
The textbook provides major historical dates from 2017 B.S. to 2046 B.S. for this writing task.
Model Answer
Nepal's Journey from Panchayat to Multiparty Democracy
Nepal experienced an important political transformation from the Panchayat system to multiparty democracy. On 1st Poush 2017 B.S., King Mahendra dismissed the elected government, suspended parliament, imprisoned the Prime Minister and ministers, banned political parties and took direct control of the country. On 22nd Poush 2017 B.S., he introduced the partyless Panchayat system.
The demand for political reform continued for many years. On 10th Jestha 2036 B.S., a referendum was announced, and the referendum election was held on 20th Baishak 2037 B.S. In 2042 B.S., a non-violent civil-disobedience movement was launched. Finally, the mass movement began on 7th Falgun 2046 B.S. After a successful people's movement, the multiparty democratic system was restored on 26th Chaitra 2046 B.S.
Thus, Nepal's journey to multiparty democracy was the result of a long struggle by the people for political freedom and democratic rights.
---
B. IS STUDYING HISTORY A WASTE OF TIME?
Model Answer
I strongly believe that studying history is essential. History tells us about the achievements, mistakes, struggles and experiences of previous generations. It helps us understand how our society, culture and political system developed.
History also teaches us important lessons. By studying past mistakes, we can avoid repeating them. For example, Nepal's political history helps young people understand the struggles that led to democracy. Similarly, studying the history of our culture helps us preserve our traditions and national identity.
History also develops a sense of patriotism and respect for our ancestors. It allows us to understand the sacrifices made by people for freedom, equality and development.
Therefore, studying history is not a waste of time. It is essential for understanding the present and preparing for the future.
---
I
FLOWERS IN RUSSIAN CULTURE
The text explains that flowers are commonly given as gifts, but in Russia the meaning and appropriateness of flowers depend strongly on cultural rules and occasions.
A. VOCABULARY
Find single words.
a. a strong, usually pleasant smell
aroma
b. different colours of paint, especially as used by an artist
palette
c. to a great degree
immensely
d. lasting only a short time
fleeting
e. the act/process of producing children or baby animals
reproduction
f. enclose something in or as if in a capsule
encapsulate
g. treatment involving massage with fragrant oils
aromatherapy
h. causing to be kept away
repellent
i. to be a sign of something that will happen in the future
foretell
---
B. COMPOUND WORDS
Examples from the text include:
gift-giving
heartwarming
cardboard
good-will
flower-gifting
red-carnation
white-carnation
red-poppy
poppy-seed
fortune-telling
---
C. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES
a.
People do not care which flowers they receive as long as the flowers are beautiful and give a pleasant aroma.
b.
Flowers are gifted worldwide to express love and affection.
c.
Following the strict flower etiquette while gifting flowers in Russia saves you from offending people.
d.
Red carnations symbolise the resistance against the Russian Provisional Government.
e.
Russian people believe that the white carnation strips holders of good luck and talent, so it should not be gifted to performers.
f.
Russian people do not gift red poppy flowers to their loved ones because they believe it represents weak/fleeting love.
g.
When Russians want to indicate a break-up from their beloved ones, they gift red poppies.
h.
Chamomiles have medicinal values.
i.
A white lily bouquet should not be given at a Russian wedding because it symbolises death.
The text describes the special meanings attached to red and white carnations, red poppies and other flowers.
---
D. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. Mention two reasons people gift flowers.
People give flowers to express love, affection, goodwill, congratulations and sympathy.
---
b. How do people feel when they receive flowers?
They generally feel happy, loved, appreciated and emotionally warm.
---
c. What determines the selection of flowers for gifting in Russia?
The selection depends on the occasion, relationship between the people and Russian flower-gifting etiquette.
---
d. Which event in Russian history is reflected by the red carnation?
The red carnation is associated with the 1917 February Revolution and the resistance against the Russian Provisional Government.
---
e. Does a Russian like to keep a white carnation under his/her pillow? Why?
Yes. Russians believe that keeping a white carnation under the pillow while sleeping can leave a person inspired and refreshed upon waking.
---
f. Why is the red poppy connected with fragile love?
Because Russian culture associates the red poppy with weakness and fleeting love. Therefore, giving it to a loved one may suggest that the relationship will not last.
---
g. Why do Russians eat red poppy seeds at weddings?
They eat poppy seeds as a symbol of happiness for the married couple.
---
h. Would you grow chamomile in your garden? Why?
Model
Yes, I would grow chamomile because it is beautiful, pleasant-smelling and has medicinal value.
---
i. What colour is chamomile?
Chamomile is generally white with a yellow centre.
---
j. Name two flowers used for fortune telling.
Chamomile and lily can be associated with symbolic or traditional fortune-telling practices.
---
k. Which flower is mostly used in Russian weddings?
Poppy/poppy seeds have a traditional association with Russian weddings, particularly as a symbol of happiness.
---
E. FLOWERS COMMONLY USED FOR GIFTING
Flower
Occasion/Meaning
Rose
Love/romance
Lily
Sympathy, purity
Lotus
Religious/spiritual occasions
Sunflower
Friendship/happiness
Orchid
Respect/admiration
Carnation
Love, admiration
Marigold
Festivals and religious ceremonies
Parijat
Religious/cultural significance
---
WRITING II
A STORY
Model Story: The Honest Boy
Once there was a poor boy named Ram who lived in a small village. One day, while he was walking home from school, he found a wallet on the road. It contained a large amount of money and an identity card.
Ram could have kept the money, but he decided to find the owner. He went to the address written on the identity card. An old man opened the door. Ram gave him the wallet.
The old man was extremely happy because the money was needed for his daughter's treatment. He offered Ram some money as a reward, but Ram politely refused.
The old man praised Ram's honesty and blessed him. Ram returned home happily.
Moral:
Honesty is the best policy.
---
⭐ TIMELINE — PRATAP MALLA
Event
Date/Period
Pratap Malla became ruler/regent   of Kantipur
Malla period
Developed Kantipur
During his reign
Renovated/build temples and   monuments
During his reign
Patronised scholars and musicians
During his reign
His second son Chakrabartendra   died
After taking administration
Ranipokhari was constructed
After his son's death
Pratap Malla died
1674 A.D.
Total reign
33 years (1641–1674 A.D.)
The textbook states that Pratap Malla ruled for 33 years, from 1641 A.D. to 1674 A.D., during which Nepal experienced peace, prosperity and cultural development.
---
⭐ UNIT 9 IMPORTANT VOCABULARY
Word
Meaning
dynasty
succession of rulers from the same   family
regent
person ruling for a king who   cannot rule
administration
management of government
tact
skill in dealing with people
renovate
repair and improve
pinnacle
highest/top part of a building
erect
build or establish
replica
exact copy
patronise
support artists/scholars
scholar
learned person
galaxy
large group
prosperous
successful and wealthy
reign
period of a king's rule
invade
enter a country by force
diplomacy
skillful management of relations
aroma
pleasant smell
palette
range of colours
immensely
greatly
fleeting
lasting briefly
etiquette
accepted rules of behaviour
patriotism
love for one's country
omen
sign of a future event
fragile
easily broken or damaged
affection
love/care
---
⭐ IMPORTANT GRAMMAR REVISION
Past Simple
Subject + V²
She visited Kathmandu.
Past Continuous
Subject + was/were + V-ing
She was visiting Kathmandu.
Past Perfect
Subject + had + V³
She had visited Kathmandu before I arrived.
Past Perfect Continuous
Subject + had been + V-ing
She had been visiting Kathmandu for two days before she returned.
---
⭐ WHEN TO USE EACH PAST TENSE
Tense
Use
Example
Past Simple
completed past action
I visited Pokhara.
Past Continuous
action continuing in past
I was visiting Pokhara.
Past Perfect
earlier of two past actions
I had visited Pokhara before   Kathmandu.
Past Perfect Continuous
continuing action before another   past event
I had been travelling for three   hours.
---
GAMES AND SPORTS
Unit 10 is “Games and Sports.” It contains the readings “The First Olympic Games” and “Popularity of Different Sports in the World.” The grammar focuses on present perfect and present perfect continuous, followed by passive voice. Writing includes a paragraph about a favourite player and a dialogue about Sports Day/Week.
---
I
THE FIRST OLYMPIC GAMES
A. VOCABULARY
Use the words given:
exquisite, inherited, underworld, embroidered, stew, decreed, mounted, rejoicing, furious, lush.
a.
We are having stew for lunch today.
b.
The demon was sent to the underworld for his disobedience to the gods.
c.
The sleeves of his coat were embroidered in gold.
d.
Smita was absolutely furious at having been cheated.
e.
Her wedding dress was absolutely exquisite.
f.
The prince inherited the kingship after his father's death.
g.
There was great rejoicing when the Nepali Football Team won the SAFF U-19 championship.
h.
The king mounted his horse and rode away from the palace.
i.
The government decreed that the following day would be a holiday on the occasion of Eid.
j.
It was wonderful to spend a week in the lush green countryside.
---
B. TRUE, FALSE OR NOT GIVEN
The answers below are based strictly on the information in the reading.
a. Tantalus's father Zeus was also half god and half man.
False
The text says Tantalus was half man and half god, and his father was Zeus, the Greek god.
b. Tantalus wanted to take revenge on the gods.
False
The text says he wanted to return Zeus's invitation and decided to serve something he valued greatly.
c. The gods revived Pelops to rule in Elis.
False
The gods brought Pelops back to life and gave him horses, telling him to find a kingdom and become a great ruler, but they did not directly say they revived him specifically to rule Elis.
d. Princess Hippodamia was impressed with Pelops at first sight.
True
The text says her eyes sparkled when she saw the handsome young visitor.
e. Hippodamia wanted to kill the king so that she could inherit the kingdom.
False
She wished that her father would lose the race, but the text does not say that she wanted to kill him or inherit the kingdom through his death.
f. The Olympic Games were not held for about 1,500 years due to fear of the earthquake.
False
The games disappeared because an earthquake destroyed buildings and a flood buried the fields. They were forgotten for about 1,500 years.
g. In every Olympic Games the torch is carried from Greece.
Not Given
The text says the Olympic flame is lit from the rays of the sun on the Olympic fields in Greece, but it does not state that the torch is carried from Greece in every Olympic Games.
---
C. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. Who was Tantalus?
Tantalus was a man in ancient Greek mythology who was half man and half god. His father was the Greek god Zeus. He was invited by Zeus to Mount Olympus for dinner.
---
b. Why were the gods angry with him?
The gods were angry because Tantalus killed his son Pelops, chopped him into pieces and served him as a stew to the gods. They considered this a terrible act because they hated human sacrifice.
---
c. What punishment did the gods give Tantalus?
The gods sent Tantalus to the underworld, where he had to stand in water up to his neck forever.
---
d. What special qualities did the horses of the king and Pelops have?
Pelops had snow-white horses that could run faster than the wind. The king had magical horses that could run faster than lightning.
---
e. What was the risk of proposing to Princess Hippodamia?
A man who wanted to marry Hippodamia had to compete against her father in a chariot race. If he won, he would get the princess and the kingdom. If he lost, his head would be chopped off. Twelve people had already lost.
---
f. How did the stable boy help Pelops win the race?
The stable boy overheard Hippodamia wishing that her father would lose. He secretly removed the bronze pins from the king's chariot wheels and replaced them with candle-wax pins. The wax melted during the race, causing the wheels to come off.
---
g. How did the king die?
During the race, the wax pins melted because of the heat. The wheels came off the king's chariot and he was thrown to his death.
---
h. Why did Pelops and Hippodamia organise a feast?
They organised a great funeral feast to honour the old king after his death.
---
i. How did the events of the feast become the origin of modern Olympic Games?
Pelops and Hippodamia invited heroes from across Greece to participate in athletic games and races in memory of the king's chariot race. Pelops decreed that the games should be held every four years. Since they were held at Olympia, they became known as the Olympic Games.
---
j. How is the Olympic torch lit?
According to the text, the Olympic flame is lit from the rays of the sun on the Olympic fields in Greece.
---
D. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES
The Olympic Games are significant because they bring athletes from different countries together in a spirit of peace, friendship and healthy competition. They encourage physical fitness, discipline, teamwork and international understanding. The Games also provide an opportunity for athletes to demonstrate their talent and represent their countries.
The reading specifically says that athletes from around the world come together to compete in a spirit of peace and friendship.
---
GRAMMAR I
PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
A. Complete the Text
The exercise asks for either present perfect or present perfect continuous.
Completed
Hi Nima!
Just a quick note from Pokhara. We have been here for two days now. We have been staying in a hotel in Lakeside since we arrived. By now, we have already visited many places of interest here. I feel really excited to be here. We have not been to Sarangkot yet. We plan to go there too. I have always wished to go paragliding. I have been convincing my parents for this.
How have you spent your holidays? I guess you have visited your grandparents. Please have a great time. We will have a great fun back at school.
---
B. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES
a.
Siddhartha has been learning to drive just in ten years!
b.
It has been raining all the summer. There are floods and landslides in many places.
c.
Palden: You must have finished the book. I think you have been reading it since last week.
Ricky: No, I have not finished it yet. Actually, I started it just yesterday.
d.
What have you been cooking for so long?
e.
You have promised to help me many times. You really need to help me today.
f.
The children have their exams next week. So they have been preparing a lot.
g.
The film is really wonderful. Have you watched it yet?
h.
Sitaram has been painting his house all day. He has not finished it yet.
i.
Finally they have fixed the leakage in their roof.
j.
I am so tired now. I have been working hard lately.
---
⭐ PRESENT PERFECT — EASY NOTE
Structure:
Subject + has/have + V³
Examples:
I have finished my work.
She has visited Pokhara.
Use:
For an action that:
happened recently;
has a connection with the present;
happened at an unspecified time;
has happened more than once.
---
⭐ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Structure:
Subject + has/have been + V-ing
Examples:
I have been studying for three hours.
She has been working since morning.
Use:
For an action that started in the past and continues up to now, especially when duration is important.
Common words:
since
for
lately
recently
all day
how long
---
WRITING I
PARAGRAPH ABOUT A FAVOURITE PLAYER
The textbook gives David Beckham as a model and asks students to identify the topic, supporting and concluding sentences before writing about their own favourite player.
Model Answer — Lionel Messi
Topic Sentence
Lionel Messi is one of the greatest and most popular football players in the world.
He was born in Argentina and developed an interest in football from an early age. He joined Barcelona's youth academy and later became one of the club's most successful players. Messi is famous for his excellent dribbling, passing, ball control and goal-scoring ability. He has won many important individual and team awards during his career. He has also represented Argentina in international competitions and achieved major success with his national team. His dedication, skill and consistency have made him an inspiration to millions of football fans.
Concluding Sentence
For these reasons, Lionel Messi remains an inspiring figure in world football.
Structure:
Topic sentence: introduces Messi.
Supporting sentences: give information about his career and abilities.
Concluding sentence: gives the final opinion.
---
I
POPULARITY OF DIFFERENT SPORTS IN THE WORLD
The reading explains why sports are popular and discusses major sports such as football, cricket, hockey, tennis, volleyball, table tennis, basketball, baseball, rugby and golf.
---
BEFORE READING
a. What do you think the most popular sport in the world is?
I think football is the most popular sport in the world.
b. How often do you play or watch it?
Model
I play football occasionally and watch important football matches regularly.
---
A. CROSSWORD
The clues come from vocabulary in the reading.
ACROSS
- a person who works as a
professional, especially in a sport
→ Athlete
- existing for longer than people
can remember; very old
→ Ancient
- possible to approach, enter or
use
→ Accessible
- long and thin, often in a way
that is unusual
→ Elongated
DOWN
- a British game played by two
teams using a bat and ball
→ Cricket
- connected with activities that
people do for pleasure when they are not working
→ Recreational
- a hit of the ball before it
touches the ground
→ Volley
- a large pile of earth or stones;
a small hill
→ Mound
- showing or feeling respect and slight
fear
→ Awed
---
B. SPORTS IN THE PICTURES
The exact picture labels are not preserved in the text extraction, so the picture-dependent answers cannot be verified from the supplied source.
---
C. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVES
a. Which two games are popular in the world for their cheap equipment?
ii. football and basketball
The reading says football needs only a ball and feet, while basketball requires little equipment besides baskets and a ball.
---
b. In which countries is cricket particularly popular?
iii. India, Pakistan and Australia
---
c. What is the significant difference between regular volleyball and beach volleyball?
ii. the number of players
Beach volleyball normally has two players per team, whereas regular volleyball normally has six players per team.
---
d. Which games involve the use of ball and bat?
i. baseball and cricket
---
e. Which country is supposed to have named 'golf'?
iii. the Netherlands
The reading says the word golf originated in the Netherlands from “kolf” or “kolve.”
---
f. Which games have varieties in terms of the places they are played?
ii. hockey and volleyball
The text discusses field hockey and ice hockey, and also regular volleyball and beach volleyball.
---
D. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. Mention any two reasons behind the popularity of sports in the world.
Sports help people stay healthy and fit.
Sports provide recreation and entertainment.
The text also says that people enjoy watching extraordinary athletes perform impressive athletic feats.
---
b. What do historical evidences say about the origin of football?
The modern form of football developed in England in the 19th century, although historical evidence suggests that similar games were played as far back as two thousand years ago in China.
---
c. What is the main difference between cricket and baseball?
Both games involve bats, balls and two teams, but cricket is played on a field with a long rectangular pitch in the centre, while baseball uses a diamond-shaped field with a mound and bases.
---
d. How is regular volleyball played?
Regular volleyball is played between two teams, with each team on one side of a raised net. Players try to volley the ball onto the opposing team's side of the court to score points. Normally, there are six players on each team.
---
e. Who originated basketball and when?
James Naismith, a Canadian teacher working at a school in the United States, invented basketball in the late 19th century.
---
f. What risk is involved in rugby?
Rugby is a contact sport involving a lot of tackling, so players face the risk of physical injury. Unlike American football players, rugby players generally wear very little protective equipment.
GRAMMAR II
PASSIVE VOICE
A. Choose the Correct Alternatives
The exercise asks students to select the correct active/passive forms.
Answers:
a. A man who wanted to buy an ass went to market.
b. He arranged with the owner.
c. He should be allowed to take him home on trial.
d. When the man reached home...
e. When the master saw this...
f. He led him off and handed him over to his owner.
g. The latter was surprised to see him back.
h. “Do you mean to say you have tested him already?”
i. “I could see what sort of beast he is...”
---
B. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVES
a.
People always admire this picture.
b.
He hurt his leg in the accident.
c.
Their children are very badly dressed.
d.
Someone has broken two of my dinner plates.
e.
This story will be forgotten in a few years.
f.
All the questions must be answered.
g.
The boys have eaten the packet of biscuits.
h.
People built the bridge last year.
i.
The farmers are ploughing the field.
j.
How do people trap a tiger?
k.
We will be helped.
l.
We should preserve the tiger.
m.
A nest has been built by the bird.
---
C. CHANGE INTO PASSIVE VOICE
a.
People could hear the noise of explosion from a distance.
The noise of the explosion could be heard from a distance.
---
b.
We ought to break down the building before it collapses.
The building ought to be broken down before it collapses.
---
c.
Has he translated the book into any other language?
Has the book been translated into any other language by him?
---
d.
I like people driving me to my home.
I like being driven home.
---
e.
Can anybody solve this problem?
Can this problem be solved by anybody?
---
f.
We had to book the ticket in advance because of the festive season.
The ticket had to be booked in advance because of the festive season.
---
g.
Who might have stolen your bicycle?
By whom might your bicycle have been stolen?
---
h.
I didn't notice that you were recording the class.
I didn't notice that the class was being recorded by you.
---
i.
Does he always sing songs at the party?
Are songs always sung by him at the party?
---
j.
She will draw the painting beautifully.
The painting will be drawn beautifully by her.
---
k.
Let the mechanic repair my bike.
Let my bike be repaired by the mechanic.
---
l.
People believe that the Mahabharata was fought in the 10th century BCE.
It is believed that the Mahabharata was fought in the 10th century BCE.
---
m.
What are you instructing them now?
What are they being instructed by you now?
---
WRITING II
DIALOGUE ABOUT SPORTS DAY/WEEK
The textbook asks students to include the time, venue, events, participants and prize distribution.
Model Answer
Rohan: Hi Suman! Do you know when our school's Sports Day is going to be held?
Suman: Yes. It is going to be held on Friday, 25 September, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Rohan: Where will it take place?
Suman: It will take place on the school playground.
Rohan: What events are included?
Suman: There will be football, volleyball, basketball, athletics, long jump, high jump, relay races and other games.
Rohan: Who can participate?
Suman: Students from Grades 6 to 12 can participate. There will be separate events for boys and girls.
Rohan: That sounds exciting. What about the prizes?
Suman: Medals, certificates and trophies will be distributed to the winners.
Rohan: Will there be a closing ceremony?
Suman: Yes. The chief guest will distribute the prizes during the closing ceremony.
Rohan: Great! I am looking forward to Sports Day.
Suman: Me too. Let's participate actively.
---
⭐ IMPORTANT VOCABULARY
Word
Meaning
Exquisite
extremely beautiful or delicate
Inherited
received from a predecessor
underworld
world of the dead in mythology
embroidered
decorated with stitched designs
stew
food cooked slowly in liquid
decreed
officially ordered
mounted
got onto a horse
rejoicing
great happiness/celebration
furious
extremely angry
lush
growing abundantly
chariot
ancient vehicle pulled by horses
sacrifice
killing/offering something for a   religious purpose
kingdom
country ruled by a king/queen
decree
official order
archaeologist
person who studies ancient remains
accessible
easy to reach or use
elongated
unusually long
recreational
related to enjoyment/free time
volley
hit a ball before it touches the   ground
mound
large pile or small hill
awed
filled with respect and slight   fear
athletic
related to sports and physical   activity
tackle
attempt to take the ball from an   opponent
opponent
person/team you compete against
---
⭐ MOST IMPORTANT SPORTS FROM THE READING
Sport
Approx. Following in Text
Football
4 billion
Cricket
2.5 billion
Hockey
2 billion
Tennis
1 billion
Volleyball
900 million
Table Tennis
875 million
Basketball
825 million
Baseball
500 million
Rugby
475 million
Golf
450 million
These figures and descriptions are given in the textbook reading.
ETHICS AND MORALITY
I
WISDOM OF LITTLE GIRLS
A. VOCABULARY
Use the words:
abusing, finery, lassies, scrambled, fancy, folly, rejoicing, chip.
a.
The women were dressed in their best clothes to go to the party.
finery
b.
Do you sometimes imagine of living in a luxurious house?
fancy
c.
When Shila was chased by a dog she managed to climb quickly onto the wall.
scrambled
d.
The young girls impressed everyone with their performance.
lassies
e.
It was his stupidity to leave the bike unlocked in the street.
folly
f.
Each one blamed the other of cheating. Soon, they started mistreating each other.
abusing
g.
Could you please give me a piece of paper? I can't find the duster.
chip
h.
The farmers danced in happiness when it rained after a long drought.
rejoicing
---
B. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE
a. The two little girls were dressed in new frocks probably because...
ii. they had to go to church.
The text says that they had just come from church.
b. When Malasha was going to splash into the puddle,...
ii. Akoulya asked Malasha to take off her shoes and stockings before going.
c. While running home, the girls were caught by...
i. Akoulya's mother
d. Akoulya's grandmother...
ii. could not calm down the crowd.
The grandmother tried to calm them, but they would not listen.
e. While the men were busy fighting, the two girls...
ii. played a game together.
f. At the end, the men...
i. were guilty of their deed.
They became ashamed of themselves and returned home.
---
C. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. How were the girls dressed?
Both girls were dressed in new frocks and red kerchiefs. Malasha wore a blue frock and Akoulya wore a yellow print frock.
---
b. Where did the girls begin to play?
They began to play in a large puddle formed by dirty water in a lane between two homesteads.
---
c. Why did Akoulya get angry with Malasha?
Akoulya became angry because Malasha suddenly put her foot into the water and splashed muddy water onto Akoulya's frock, eyes and nose.
---
d. Why did the crowd gather in the street?
Akoulya's mother struck Malasha after seeing her daughter's dirty clothes. Malasha's mother came out and began arguing with Akoulya's mother. Their quarrel attracted the men and other people, and soon a large crowd gathered.
---
e. How did Akoulya's grandmother try to calm down the crowd?
She stepped among the people and asked them to stop quarrelling. She reminded them that it was a day of rejoicing and told them that their behaviour was foolish and inappropriate.
---
f. Why are the girls called wiser than men?
The girls quickly forgot their quarrel and started playing happily together. While the adults were still arguing and almost fighting, the girls peacefully made a channel for the water. Therefore, the grandmother said that the girls were wiser than the adults.
---
g. What lesson do you learn from the story?
The story teaches us that anger and revenge create unnecessary conflict, while forgiveness and peaceful behaviour solve problems. We should learn from children, who can forget small quarrels quickly and live happily together. We should not allow minor problems to become serious conflicts.
---
D. SIMILAR CHILDHOOD INCIDENT
Model Answer
When I was a child, I once quarrelled with my friend over a small toy. We both became angry and stopped talking to each other. After some time, we realised that the matter was very small. We apologized to each other and started playing again. Our parents were happy to see us become friends again.
Lesson:
Small problems should not destroy friendship. Forgiveness is better than anger.
---
PRONUNCIATION
SENTENCE STRESS
In English, all words in a sentence are not given equal stress. Important words usually receive stronger stress.
A. Examples
a.
The MAN was HAPPY to receive the GIFT.
b.
I WANT you to START the PARTY.
c.
I DIDN'T MEAN THAT.
d.
WHERE did he beGIN his SCHOOLING?
e.
WHAT did you DO YESTERDAY?
---
B. MARK THE STRESSED WORDS
A possible natural sentence-stress pattern is:
a.
Have a SEAT, please.
b.
The STORY was INTERESTING, but it did not contain enough MESSAGES.
c.
Would you like a cold DRINK?
d.
What did you TELL her this MORNING?
e.
Don't take it so EASY. He won't give up so QUICKLY.
f.
Most PEOPLE are fully AWARE that MOTORCYCLES can be DANGEROUS to ride.
g.
“Does she WORK with you?”
“Yes, she DOES.”
h.
He BOUGHT a red CAR for his DAUGHTER.
i.
I am BRAZILIAN.
j.
We are not FAMILIAR with this new computer PROGRAM.
---
GRAMMAR I
NEGATION
The textbook shows different ways to change affirmative sentences into negative ones, including not, never, nobody, none, neither, not...either, need not and related structures.
---
A. TRANSFORM INTO NEGATIVE
a. My sister lives with my parents.
My sister does not live with my parents.
b. Maryam knows the answer well.
Maryam does not know the answer well.
c. I want to leave now.
I do not want to leave now.
d. Anusha agrees with me.
Anusha does not agree with me.
e. The boy killed the cockroach with his shoe.
The boy did not kill the cockroach with his shoe.
f. His father recognized me at once.
His father did not recognize me at once.
g. He apologized for his misconduct.
He did not apologize for his misconduct.
h. He ate a few mangoes.
He did not eat many mangoes.
i. We sold a little honey.
We did not sell much honey.
j. The rich are sometimes happy.
The rich are not always happy.
k. Kanchan frequently visits me.
Kanchan does not often visit me.
l. Shailesh bought several books.
Shailesh did not buy many books.
m. Garima let me use her toilet.
Garima did not let me use her toilet.
n. All of them can help her.
None of them can help her.
---
B. SUBJECT–VERB AGREEMENT
a.
A number of soldiers were injured in the war.
b.
The number of deceased soldiers is not stored in the record book.
c.
A pack of lions was approaching the camp.
d.
His pants were torn during the match.
e.
The truthful are always trustworthy.
f.
To cry is never the solution to any problems.
g.
Here lies the tomb of Albert Einstein.
h.
Either she or her friends are responsible for this accident.
i.
None is under the sun.
j.
All that glitters is not gold.
k.
Everything is fine when it's done correctly.
l.
Either the sculpture or the paintings are in the museum today.
m.
Each of the dancers twirls brilliantly.
n.
Neither she nor I am getting the lunch special.
These are based on the agreement rules tested in the textbook exercise.
---
WRITING I
MORAL STORY
The textbook asks students to write a favourite moral story in their own words.
The Honest Woodcutter
Once there lived a poor woodcutter in a village. He earned his living by cutting wood in a forest. One day, while cutting a tree beside a river, his axe accidentally fell into the water.
The woodcutter became very sad because the axe was his only means of earning a living. Suddenly, a divine being appeared and asked him why he was crying.
The divine being went into the river and brought out a golden axe. The woodcutter said that it was not his axe. Then the divine being brought a silver axe, but again the woodcutter refused it. Finally, the divine being brought an ordinary iron axe. The woodcutter happily said that it was his.
The divine being was pleased with his honesty and gave him all three axes as a reward.
Moral:
Honesty is the best policy.
---
I
WORLD RECORD
A. WORD CLASSES
The exercise asks students to extend words into different word classes.
Verb
Noun
Adjective
Adverb
ironize
irony
ironic/ironical
ironically
charm
charm
charming
charmingly
scorch
scorch
scorching
scorchingly
sizzle
sizzle
sizzling
sizzlingly
beautify
beauty
beautiful
beautifully
purify
purity
pure
purely
taste
taste
tasty/tasteless
tastily
surprise
surprise
surprising/surprised
surprisingly
---
B. TRUE OR FALSE
a. Two people are going to cast their performance to break the world record today.
True
b. Michael is one of the contestants.
False
He is the presenter.
c. Michael also tried dipping his foot on the bucket.
False
d. Albert broke the world record for standing on a bucket of hot soup.
False
He failed because Mabel pushed him before he could complete the record.
e. The word 'sizzling' is similar in meaning to 'scorching'.
True
f. The program is a comedy show.
True
---
C. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. Who is Mabel Phillips?
Mabel Phillips is a young woman who is a contestant on the television programme and claims to be trying to break a world record.
---
b. What is she trying to do?
She is trying to break a record by leaning on a brush.
---
c. How do they maintain the heat of the soup?
Albert's wife, Daisy, maintains the heat by bringing more boiling/sizzling soup every half-hour and pouring it into the bucket.
---
d. How far was Albert from breaking the record?
Albert was only a few seconds/minutes away from breaking the record. At one point he had only one minute remaining, and later only ten seconds remained.
---
e. How did the man lose his trousers?
He took his trousers off to have a bath. When he came out of the bath, his trousers were gone.
---
f. Why do you think Mabel pushed Albert?
Mabel probably pushed Albert to prevent him from breaking the world record, perhaps because she was jealous or wanted to make the programme humorous. The exact reason is not explicitly stated in the drama.
---
D. ETHICAL QUESTION
How do you feel if somebody interrupts you on the verge of winning? Do you think it is ethical?
I would feel angry, disappointed and frustrated if someone deliberately interrupted me when I was about to win. It is not ethical because everyone should have a fair opportunity to complete a competition. Deliberately interfering with another person's success is dishonest and unfair.
---
GRAMMAR II
CHANGE NEGATIVE INTO AFFIRMATIVE
The textbook asks students to convert negative sentences into affirmative forms.
a.
Dev Narayan does not perform well.
Dev Narayan performs poorly.
b.
The dog did not bite Fatima.
The dog avoided biting Fatima.
c.
A room in the flat did not need painting.
A room in the flat was already painted.
d.
All the students did not have to sit in the re-examination.
Only some students had to sit in the re-examination.
e.
He never drinks wine.
He always avoids drinking wine.
f.
Don't pour much water in the curry.
Pour only a little water in the curry.
g.
Nobody came to me.
Everyone stayed away from me.
h.
There is not anyone in the locality living in luxury.
Everyone in the locality lives without luxury.
i.
He does not have a bath every day.
He has a bath on some days.
j.
Neither the boy nor the man goes to school.
Both the boy and the man stay away from school.
k.
She does not have anything in her bag.
Her bag is empty.
l.
He does not work with us.
He works elsewhere.
---
B. CORRECT THE SUBJECT–VERB AGREEMENT
Corrected Letter
Dear Hiring Manager,
I feel that I am the ideal candidate for the position of Communication Manager in your company. I have three years of experience as a receptionist in a company that is similar to yours. My phone skills and written communication are excellent. These skills, and others that I have learned on the job, help me understand that every person in a company helps make the business a success.
At my current job, the team always says that I am very helpful. Everyone appreciates when I go the extra mile to get the job done right. My current employer and co-workers feel that I am an asset to the team. I, along with my colleagues, am efficient and organized.
Are there any other details about me that you would like to know? If so, please contact me. Here is my résumé. I look forward to speaking with you in person.
Sincerely Yours,
Adara Banu
The original exercise contains the subject–verb agreement errors that need correction.
---
WRITING II
MESSAGE OF CONDOLENCE
The textbook provides a model condolence message for the late Satya Mohan Joshi and then asks students to write similar messages.
B. Condolence Message for Jayananda Lama
HEARTFELT CONDOLENCES!
Late Jayananda Lama
1956–2022 A.D.
We are deeply saddened by the passing away of Jayananda Lama, a senior Nepali folk singer and actor, at his residence in Kaushaltar, Bhaktapur.
His death is an incredible loss to the Nepali art and entertainment sector. He will always be remembered for his popular folk songs such as “Kalakate Kainyo,” “Herda Ramro,” “Chuin Chuin Chuikane Joota” and “Mulako Chana.” He also acted in more than a hundred Nepali movies.
We extend our heartfelt condolences to his bereaved family, relatives, friends and admirers. May they find strength and courage to overcome this great loss.
May the departed soul rest in eternal peace.
---
C. LETTER OF SYMPATHY TO PURNA
Date: 25 October 2022
Dear Purna,
I was deeply saddened to hear about the accident in which you broke your hand while working with a machine at the factory on 20 October.
We have been working together for three years, and I know you as a regular, responsible and dutiful worker. I am very sorry that this unfortunate mechanical failure caused you such an injury.
I was relieved to learn that you are receiving treatment in hospital. Please take proper rest and follow your doctor's advice. I hope you will recover completely and return to work soon.
Everyone here is thinking of you and wishing you a speedy recovery.
With heartfelt sympathy and best wishes,
Your friend,
[Name]
---
PROJECT WORK
The textbook asks students to collect three condolence letters/messages published in newspapers, make a collage and present it to the class.
Suggested project format
Title:
COLLECTION OF CONDOLENCE MESSAGES
Collect three newspaper condolence messages and arrange them under:
Name of deceased person
Date of birth and death
Profession/contribution
Organisation/person expressing condolences
Main message
Final prayer/wish for eternal peace
---
⭐ IMPORTANT VOCABULARY
Word
Meaning
finery
beautiful/expensive   clothes
fancy
imagination   or desire
scramble
move   quickly/clumsily
lassies
young   girls
folly
foolishness
abuse
treat   badly or insult
rejoicing
great   happiness
chip
small   piece of something
puddle
small   pool of water
frock
girl's   dress
kerchief
small   scarf
splash
scatter   water
quarrel
angry   argument
pacify
make   someone calm
wisdom
ability   to make good decisions
ethics
principles   of right and wrong
integrity
honesty   and strong moral principles
condolence
expression   of sympathy after someone's death
sympathy
feelings   of sorrow for someone's suffering
deceased
dead   person
bereaved
suffering   because of someone's death
eternal
lasting   forever
departed
dead
scorching
extremely   hot
sizzling
making   a hissing sound when very hot
ironic
expressing   the opposite of the literal meaning
contestant
person   taking part in a competition
---
NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT
Unit 12 is “Nature and Development.” It covers Kathmandu–Terai/Madhesh Fast Track: A Project of National Pride, the poem “Composed upon Westminster Bridge,” degrees of probability and certainty, British/American pronunciation, future tenses, report writing, notice writing and a project on projects of national pride.
I
KATHMANDU–TERAI/MADHESH FAST TRACK
A. VOCABULARY — CROSSWORD
The answers are taken from the words used in the reading.
ACROSS
- weak and without protection
→ vulnerable
- the amount by which something is
less than what is needed
→ deficit
- to provide with a space
→ accommodate
- events that cause great harm and
misery
→ calamities
- using new methods or ideas
→ innovative
DOWN
- things that limit or control what
you can do
→ constraints
- to make an action or process
possible or easier
→ facilitate
- the state of being crowded
→ density
- the physical movement of goods
from one point to another
→ transportation
- to collect or increase something
gradually
→ accumulate
---
B. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVES
a. The total length in KTFT from Khokana to Nijgadh is:
i. 72.5 km
The text states that the fast track will be 72.5 km long.
b. Nepal can reduce the consumption of petroleum products after completing KTFT as it:
iii. shortens travel time
The shorter distance will reduce fuel consumption.
c. The main challenge of the project upon completion is:
iii. establishing link roads
Without proper link roads, the fast track will not function effectively.
d. According to the writer, the success on completing the project depends on:
ii. technology
The conclusion emphasizes innovative strategies and advanced technology in the transportation system.
---
C. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. What type of project is Kathmandu-Terai/Madhesh Fast Track?
It is a mega highway project of strategic importance and a project of national pride in Nepal.
---
b. How is KTFT going to reduce the consumption of petrol in Nepal?
KTFT will reduce petrol consumption by shortening the travel distance between Kathmandu and Terai/Madhesh. Because vehicles will travel a shorter distance and reach their destinations more quickly, they will consume less fuel.
---
c. Will this project help promote tourism in Nepal? How?
Yes. KTFT will promote tourism by providing tourists entering Nepal through the southern border with a faster and more convenient route to Kathmandu. Tourists coming from beyond India will also have another option to travel to Nepal through the fast track.
---
d. How does this project contribute to the development of high-skill human resources in Nepal?
KTFT includes complicated structures such as high bridges and twin tunnels. The technology used in these structures will be new to many Nepali workers. By working on the project, Nepali people will gain experience and sharpen their knowledge and technical skills.
---
e. How does the project help the people living in the Eastern Terai?
The project connects Kathmandu with Nijgadh and makes travel faster and shorter. It will improve access to health services, education, employment and markets. It will also reduce transportation costs, lower the cost of goods and connect Nijgadh International Airport with Kathmandu.
---
D. EFFECT OF KTFT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
The construction of KTFT may have several negative effects on the environment. Deforestation may destroy forests and wildlife habitats. Rock blasting, quarrying and dumping can produce dust and other pollutants. These activities may cause air pollution, land degradation and environmental degradation. Therefore, environmental protection measures should be adopted during construction.
---
⭐ IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT KTFT
Project: Kathmandu–Terai/Madhesh Fast Track
Length: 72.5 km
Starting point: Khokana, Lalitpur
Ending point: Nijgadh, Bara
Road length: 55.49 km
Bridges: 87
Bridge length: 10.60 km
Twin tunnels: 3
Tunnel length: 6.41 km
Estimated travel time: 1 hour
Major Benefits
Economic growth
Fuel saving
Tourism promotion
Skill development
Employment
Better Kathmandu–Terai connectivity
Reduced transportation costs
Support for Nijgadh International Airport
Emergency supply route
Reduced pressure on Kathmandu Valley
Major Drawbacks
Road accidents
Poor road-user behaviour
Lack of link roads
Deforestation
Air pollution
Land degradation
---
PRONUNCIATION
BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH
The textbook asks students to practise differences between British and American pronunciation for words such as vitamin, privacy, schedule, advertisement, leisure, mobile, vase, dynasty, herb, produce, basil, garage, hostile, montage and salon.
Important examples
Word
British English
American English
schedule
/ˈʃedjuːl/
/ˈskedʒuːl/
advertisement
commonly /ədˈvɜːtɪsmənt/
commonly /ˌædvərˈtaɪzmənt/
vitamin
commonly /ˈvɪtəmɪn/
commonly /ˈvaɪtəmɪn/
privacy
commonly /ˈprɪvəsi/
commonly /ˈpraɪvəsi/
GRAMMAR I
FUTURE TENSES
The exercise covers:
Future Simple
Be going to
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
---
A. MATCH THE SENTENCE HALVES
Answers:
a. Hurry up! We're leaving — ii. in ten minutes.
b. They'll be watching a movie in a theatre — iv. at this time next week.
c. We will have arrived home — v. by this time Sunday.
d. It's definite. My friends and I are going to travel — iii. next winter.
e. I think he will be rich and famous — i. one day.
---
B. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES
a.
As per the schedule, the exam will start at exactly 11 o'clock.
b.
See you at the airport! I will be carrying an orange suitcase.
c.
Don't worry! I will not leave without you.
d.
We certainly will not finish all the work by this week.
e.
Sagun has decided that he is going to invite some of her friends for dinner after work.
f.
Will the receptionist remember to call the students this afternoon?
g.
What are you going to do at the weekend?
h.
I will not be working tomorrow so we can go shopping.
i.
If you touch the stove, you will burn yourself.
j.
Next week at this time we will be flying to Dubai for a trip.
---
⭐ FUTURE TENSE — EASY NOTES
Future Simple
Structure:
Subject + will + V1
I will visit Pokhara.
Uses:
future decisions
predictions
promises
offers
---
Be Going To
Structure:
Subject + am/is/are + going to + V1
She is going to study tonight.
Uses:
planned future action
prediction based on evidence
---
Future Continuous
Structure:
Subject + will be + V-ing
I will be studying at 8 p.m.
Use:
An action that will be continuing at a particular future time.
---
Future Perfect
Structure:
Subject + will have + V³
I will have finished my work by 5 p.m.
Use:
An action that will be completed before a future time.
---
Future Perfect Continuous
Structure:
Subject + will have been + V-ing
By July, I will have been working here for five years.
Use:
An action continuing for a period up to a future time.
---
WRITING I
REPORT WRITING
The textbook asks students to study a development project in their community and write a report using Reading I as a model.
MODEL REPORT
REPORT ON ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Prepared by: Student Representative
Date: 12 August 2026
Introduction
A road construction project is currently being carried out in our community. The project aims to improve transportation and provide better access to nearby settlements, markets, schools and health centres.
Current Situation
The construction work includes widening the existing road, improving drainage and constructing necessary structures. Workers and machines are being used regularly.
Benefits
The completed road will reduce travel time and transportation costs. It will make it easier for local people to reach schools, hospitals and markets. It will also support local businesses and create employment opportunities.
Problems
The construction has temporarily caused dust, traffic problems and inconvenience to local residents. During the rainy season, mud and drainage problems may also affect movement.
Conclusion
The project is important for the development of the community. However, the concerned authorities should ensure quality construction, environmental protection and proper traffic management.
---
I
COMPOSED UPON WESTMINSTER BRIDGE
Poet:
William Wordsworth
Date:
September 3, 1802
The poem describes the beauty and peacefulness of London early in the morning as viewed from Westminster Bridge.
---
A. VOCABULARY
a. doth
Meaning: does
b. majesty
Meaning: greatness, dignity or magnificence
c. domes
Meaning: rounded roofs on buildings
d. glittering
Meaning: shining brightly
e. splendor
Meaning: great beauty or magnificence
f. glideth
Meaning: moves smoothly
g. mighty
Meaning: very powerful or great
---
B. COMPLETE THE SUMMARY
Answers:
A speaker shares his impressions of the view from Westminster Bridge in the poem *Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802* by William Wordsworth.
The speaker finds the city of London with the most beautiful scene in the Earth.
The city wins the heart of the speaker as it is wearing the morning's beauty.
The various landmarks visible from the bridge stand before him in all their magnificence in the morning light.
According to the speaker, the sun is shining on the buildings as it shines on the countryside.
He is also surprised to feel more peace in the bustling city of London than anywhere else.
He thinks that the city is happily asleep before another busy day.
---
C. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. When was the poem composed?
The poem was composed on September 3, 1802.
---
b. According to the speaker, who is dull of soul?
A person who can pass by such a magnificent sight without appreciating it is dull of soul.
---
c. How does the poet describe the beauty of morning?
The poet describes the morning as clear, bright, calm, silent and beautiful. The city appears clean and peaceful because the air is smokeless.
---
d. What does the word 'garment' refer to? Who is wearing it?
“Garment” refers metaphorically to the beauty of the morning. The city of London is described as wearing this beautiful morning like a garment.
---
e. How does the poet feel when he sees such a beautiful sight?
The poet feels amazed, peaceful, delighted and deeply impressed by the beauty of London.
---
f. Why does the poet use the words like valley, rock and hill?
He compares the beauty of London in the morning with beautiful natural landscapes such as valleys, rocks and hills. He wants to show that the city is as beautiful and magnificent as nature.
---
g. What impression of London does the speaker create? How does he do that?
The speaker creates an impression of London as a beautiful, peaceful and magnificent city. He uses images of the morning, buildings, river, sky, sunlight and natural landscapes to present the city positively.
---
h. What is the main theme of the poem?
The main theme is the beauty, peace and magnificence of London in the early morning. The poem also shows the poet's deep appreciation of nature and the beauty that can exist even in a busy city.
---
D. MODEL ANSWER
Does your city or village look similar to London early in the morning?
My village looks peaceful and beautiful early in the morning. The roads are quiet, the air is fresh and the surrounding fields look green and attractive. Birds can be heard singing and people slowly begin their daily activities. Although my village is very different from London, both places can look beautiful and peaceful in the early morning.
---
GRAMMAR II
FUTURE TENSES — MIXED PRACTICE
A. Complete the Text
Answers:
My uncle's family usually comes to stay with us for Dashain, but by this Dashain we are going to visit them instead.
They live in a village in Kalikot. I can hardly wait. I will be having a fantastic time there.
School holidays are going to start on Friday, and we are going to leave the following morning.
At this time next week, I will be trekking to Rara Lake with my cousin, Sunil.
He's an experienced trekker, and I am going to practise rock climbing with him every day.
By the last day of our visit, Sunil's dad is going to take us to visit Manma, the district headquarters.
I hope by then I will have explored a lot about the life of people in Karnali.
I will have got a lot of experience of trekking by the time we get back to Kathmandu after Dashain.
---
B. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES
a. Tennis practice starts at 10, and we plan to play for two hours.
By 12 o'clock, we will have finished playing tennis.
b. The phone is ringing!
I will answer the phone.
c. Do you want to come to the disco with us?
Will you come with us?
d. Look at those clouds.
Do you think it is going to rain?
e. Let's hurry up. The children are alone at home.
By the time we reach home, the children will have been staying alone at home for two hours.
f. Their plane lands at 7:30. Let's get there earlier.
At 7 o'clock, we will be waiting for them.
---
WRITING II
NOTICE WRITING
The textbook provides a model notice about a Tree Plantation Programme and asks students to prepare a notice for a programme organized by their Child Club.
MODEL NOTICE
SHREE SECONDARY SCHOOL
CHILD CLUB
Jaleshwar-5, Mahottari
NOTICE
CLEANLINESS CAMPAIGN
Date: 12 August 2026
This is to inform all the students that the Child Club is going to organize a School and Community Cleanliness Campaign on Friday, 21 August 2026 to promote cleanliness and environmental awareness.
The programme will begin at 7:00 a.m. from the school premises. All students are requested to participate actively. Participants are requested to bring gloves and necessary cleaning materials.
Your active participation will help make our school and community cleaner and healthier.
Secretary
Child Club
---
PROJECT WORK
PROJECTS OF NATIONAL PRIDE
The textbook asks students to consult the internet, prepare a list of Nepal's projects of national pride, identify which projects directly benefit them and discuss those benefits.
Examples to research:
Kathmandu–Terai/Madhesh Fast Track
East-West Railway
Melamchi Drinking Water Project
Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project
Postal Highway
North–South Corridor projects
Gautam Buddha International Airport
Pokhara International Airport
Nijgadh International Airport
Kathmandu Valley Outer Ring Road
Model Presentation
Project: Kathmandu–Terai/Madhesh Fast Track
Benefits to me and my community:
Faster transportation
Reduced travel time
Lower transportation costs
Better access to education
Better access to health services
More employment opportunities
Increased trade
Increased tourism
Better connection between Kathmandu and Terai/Madhesh
Greater economic opportunities
---
⭐ BRITISH vs AMERICAN SPELLING
British English
American English
centre
center
metre
meter
litre
Liter
colour
Color
humour
humor
neighbour
neighbor
apologise
apologize
recognise
recognize
analyse
analyze
paralyse
paralyze
defence
defense
offence
offense
licence
license
catalogue
catalog
dialogue
dialog
travelled
traveled
travelling
traveling
traveller
traveler
fuelled
fueled
fuelling
fueling
These spelling differences are listed in the textbook's additional material.
---
⭐ UNIT 12 IMPORTANT VOCABULARY
Word
Meaning
infrastructure
basic physical structures and   facilities
strategic
related to an important plan
mega
very large
accessibility
ease of reaching or using   something
accelerate
make faster
proximity
nearness
implication
possible effect or result
viable
workable or practical
sharpen
improve a skill
employment
paid work
facilitate
make something easier
calamity
serious disaster
congestion
overcrowding
vulnerable
weak and easily harmed
deficit
shortage
accommodate
provide space for
constraint
limitation
accumulate
gradually collect
deforestation
removal of forests
degradation
decline in quality
magnificent
extremely beautiful
majesty
greatness and dignity
glittering
shining brightly
splendor
great beauty
glide
move smoothly
mighty
very powerful
---
POPULATION AND MIGRATION
I
A CENTURY OF WORLD POPULATION TRENDS: 1950 TO 2050
The text explains how the world's population has changed since 1950 and how it is expected to change up to 2050. The global population has grown enormously, but the rate of growth has slowed because fertility rates have declined.
---
A. VOCABULARY
Match the words with their meanings.
Word
Answer
Meaning
a. populous
v
having a large population
b. mortality
vii
number of deaths
c. projection
iii
estimation of future figures
d. demographic
ii
relating to population and groups
e. peak
ix
highest point/value
f. stabilization
i
process of making something stable
g. trajectory
i
a path followed by something
h. surpass
vi
to be greater than/exceed
i. disparate
viii
completely dissimilar
The meanings are given directly in the textbook exercise.
Note: In the printed exercise, some definition numbering overlaps; the meanings above are matched according to their actual definitions.
---
B. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES
a. The highest population growth rate in the past hundred years was:
2.1 percent per year.
This occurred particularly between 1962 and 1965.
b. Population growth rate is likely to reach:
below one percent per year in the early twenty-first century.
c. The factors that determine the growth rate of world population are:
fertility and mortality.
d. In the early 2020s Eastern and South-Eastern Asia had:
2.3 billion people, or 29 percent of the global population.
e. The population of sub-Saharan Africa is likely to reach:
more than two billion by the late 2040s.
f. The low level of fertility will cause a fall in population size of Europe and Northern America by:
the late 2030s.
g. India is likely to exceed the population of China by:
2023.
---
C. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. What was the size of the world population in the mid-twentieth century?
The world's population in the mid-twentieth century was less than one-third of today's population. It took about 37 years from 1950 for the human population to double and exceed five billion in 1987.
---
b. What was the fastest population growth rate in the past century?
The fastest population growth rate was 2.1 percent per year, particularly between 1962 and 1965.
---
c. Why has the population growth rate declined in recent years?
The population growth rate has declined mainly because of reduced fertility levels.
---
d. What is the predicted world population size by 2050?
The world population is projected to reach approximately 9.7 billion in 2050. The table gives a medium-scenario estimate of about 9,687 million.
---
e. How do fertility and mortality contribute to population size?
Fertility determines the number of people being born, while mortality determines the number of people dying. Together, they strongly influence whether a population increases, stabilizes or decreases.
---
f. Which countries contribute to the largest population in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia?
China and India account for the largest populations in the relevant Asian regions, with more than 1.4 billion people each in 2022.
---
g. Why will population regions have different population variation in the next 30 years?
Different regions have different fertility rates, mortality rates and population-growth patterns. Some regions will continue growing rapidly, while others will stabilize or decline. Therefore, their population distribution will change differently.
---
h. Which countries are most likely to contribute to world population growth by 2050?
The eight countries expected to account for more than half of the projected increase are:
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Egypt
Ethiopia
India
Nigeria
Pakistan
Philippines
United Republic of Tanzania
---
D. WILL WORLD POPULATION INCREASE AS PROJECTED?
Model Answer
Yes, the world population is likely to increase as projected, although the growth rate may continue to decline. The population is expected to reach about 8.5 billion by 2030 and 9.7 billion by
- However, future projections depend on fertility and mortality rates, so
they are not completely certain.
---
⭐ IMPORTANT POPULATION FIGURES
According to the table in the textbook:
Region
2022
2030
2050
World
7,942 million
8,512 million
9,687 million
Sub-Saharan Africa
1,152 million
1,401 million
2,094 million
Northern Africa & Western Asia
549 million
617 million
771 million
Central & Southern Asia
2,342 million
2,372 million
2,317 million
Latin America & Caribbean
658 million
695 million
749 million
Australia/New Zealand
31 million
34 million
38 million
Oceania
14 million
15 million
20 million
Europe & Northern America
1,120 million
1,129 million
1,125 million
---
GRAMMAR I
CONNECTIVES OF CONTRADICTION
The unit introduces expressions such as:
although
though
even though
despite
in spite of
however
yet
nevertheless
despite the fact that
---
A. MATCH THE SENTENCE HALVES
Answers:
a. We continued the match — v. although it was raining heavily.
b. Dolma was selected for the post — vii. even though she had no prior experience for the job.
c. Christina attended the class — viii. despite the fact that she was not feeling well.
d. I often leave home quite late — i. however, I always reach my office on time.
e. Chintamani never participates in social functions — iii. despite looking very sociable.
f. It was snowing heavily — ii. yet it was not too cold.
g. He did not give up smoking — ix. in spite of the warnings of the doctor.
h. I have never been to Bandipur — iv. though it is not far from my home.
i. We were lost in the town — vi. although we had the map of the town with us.
These combinations follow the textbook's sentence-halves exercise.
---
B. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES
These are open-ended questions, so different grammatically correct answers are possible.
a.
Although I had not seen him before, I recognized him immediately.
b.
Even though it was snowing outside, we went to school.
c.
In spite of his hard work, he could not pass the examination.
d.
Although she was nervous, Sarmistha gave a good speech at the function.
e.
Even though she had never studied in France, she spoke excellent French.
f.
I had not eaten anything since last evening although I was not feeling very hungry.
g.
Even though we played well, we were not qualified for the final match.
h.
We enjoyed the meal even though the restaurant was not very popular.
i.
Although I had prepared well, I could only attempt half of the questions.
j.
Although she had helped us, she was not pleased with us at all.
---
WRITING I
INTERPRETING GRAPHS AND CHARTS
The textbook provides two visual sources:
Nepali Student Migration
Distribution of Population of Kathmandu Metropolitan in Terms of Languages
Because the numerical labels of these two graphics are not included in the extracted text, the exact year-by-year figures cannot be safely reproduced here.
Model format for the Nepali Student Migration graph
Interpretation:
The graph presents information about the migration of Nepali students over different years. Overall, the number of students migrating abroad shows a changing trend. The graph can be interpreted by comparing the highest and lowest figures and identifying the years in which migration increased or decreased significantly.
The increasing trend suggests that more Nepali students are choosing foreign education because of better educational opportunities, scholarships, employment prospects and international exposure.
Model format for the Kathmandu language chart
The chart shows the distribution of the population of Kathmandu Metropolitan City according to the languages spoken. Nepali represents the largest linguistic group, while several other languages are also spoken by different communities. This demonstrates the linguistic and cultural diversity of Kathmandu.
For an exact numerical interpretation, the chart image itself is needed because the extracted textbook text does not contain its numerical labels.
---
I
DISCOVERING MIGRATION: WHAT BIRDS REVEAL
The reading explains how birds migrate, why they migrate, how they travel and how they survive their long journeys.
---
A. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
Word
Synonym
Antonym
transform
change
stagnate
incredible
unbelievable/amazing
credible
roadmap
guideline/map
NA
retrace
backtrack
forget
grab
clutch/snatch
release
elevation
height/altitude
lowness
waterlogged
wet/sodden
dry/dehydrated
refuel
refill/replenish
deplete
cluster
bunch/clump
NA
crucial
vital/fundamental
trivial/insignificant
perilous
risky/dangerous
harmless
The vocabulary list and available synonyms/antonyms come from the textbook exercise.
---
B. MATCH THE SENTENCE ENDINGS
a.
In the past people had the misconception that iv. birds hid underground or changed into some other birds.
b.
To supply themselves with energy ii. some birds stop to feed themselves with grains.
c.
When the weather is favourable in spring iii. birds fly back to their habitats.
d.
As a sign of partial migration i. some birds travel to a different place while others do not.
e.
To wait for favourable weather vii. birds fly in large groups.
f.
For better flying conditions v. some birds choose to fly during the night.
---
C. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. What is incredible about the migration of birds?
It is incredible that birds can fly over land and oceans without a roadmap or compass to destinations that may be thousands of miles away.
---
b. What things do birds consider while flying to their destinations?
Birds adjust their speed, height and flight path according to changing winds, their body weight and storms.
---
c. Which animals other than birds migrate?
Other migrating animals include:
Insects
Amphibians
Reptiles
Fish
Mammals
---
d. What do scoters dive underwater for?
White-winged scoters dive underwater to catch shellfish from the ocean floor.
---
e. Which birds travel up and down instead of going north to south?
Mountain birds such as brindled titmice and mountain chickadees migrate up and down to lower elevations.
---
f. What is partial migration?
Partial migration occurs when some birds of the same species migrate while others remain in the same place.
---
g. Why can sea terns not stay long in water?
Sea terns cannot rest on water for long because they become waterlogged.
---
h. How do birds feed themselves during their journeys?
Birds feed at stopover points during migration. Some birds feed while flying. For example, swallows and swifts eat flying insects during their journeys. Other birds stop to feed on berries, grains and other food before continuing their journey.
---
i. What are the signs of birds flying in the night sky?
Migrating songbirds are almost invisible at night, but their chattering sounds can be heard. They can sometimes be seen when they pass in front of the moon. Moon watching is used to count migrating birds.
---
D. REASONS FOR ANIMAL MIGRATION
Model Answer
Animals migrate for several reasons:
To escape extreme weather
To find food
To find water
To reproduce
To find suitable habitats
To avoid predators
To find better environmental conditions
To survive seasonal changes
For example, many birds migrate from Siberia to Nepal to escape the extreme cold.
---
GRAMMAR II
CONNECTIVES OF CONTRADICTION
A. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE
a.
Even though we have different ideologies, we are intimate friends.
b.
Despite our hard efforts, we could not establish a hospital in the village.
c.
Even though the film was very popular, it was a commercial failure.
d.
I enjoyed all the luxuries of life despite the fact that I grew up in a remote village.
e.
I watched a late-night movie. However, I didn't feel sleepy in the morning class.
f.
Even though scientists have made lots of research, there is no evidence of life on Mars.
g.
In spite of my efforts, I can't ever score excellent marks in the exam.
h.
My room was burgled although I had locked it securely before going out.
i.
I called Siddhartha several times, but he did not respond.
j.
Even though we had not invited them, they came to the party.
---
B. JOIN THE SENTENCES
a.
Although I was really exhausted, I could not sleep well.
b.
In spite of not meeting the requirements, she was shortlisted for the job.
c.
Even though the pay was quite low, I decided to work for the company.
d.
We lost the match, yet we had prepared for it really well.
e.
Despite having badly injured her hand, Dipisha completed her assignment.
f.
Kripa exercises every day; however, she is gaining weight.
g.
Barcelona won the match; nevertheless, they were limited to ten players.
h.
I love to watch cricket on TV, while my brother loves to watch football.
i.
In spite of not going to bed until midnight, he woke up early in the morning.
j.
Although he had not played well, he was selected for the school team.
---
WRITING II
ESSAY: MIGRATION OF NEPALI YOUTHS AND PROFESSIONALS
Impacts of Migration from Nepal
A large number of Nepali youths and professionals leave Nepal every year in search of better education, employment and living opportunities. Foreign employment and education can provide individuals with valuable experience and financial opportunities. However, large-scale migration also creates several problems for Nepal.
One major positive impact is the remittance sent by migrant workers. Remittance supports families and contributes to the national economy. Migrants can also gain new skills, knowledge and experience. However, the country may suffer from a brain drain when highly educated and skilled people leave permanently. The absence of young and productive people can also affect agriculture, business and other sectors.
Migration can create social problems as well. Families may remain separated for long periods. Children may grow up without one or both parents. In some cases, migrants may also face exploitation, unsafe working conditions and psychological pressure.
To reduce the negative effects, Nepal should create employment opportunities, improve education and technical training, support entrepreneurship and provide a safe environment for businesses. The government should also create policies that encourage skilled Nepalis to return and contribute their knowledge to national development.
In conclusion, migration has both positive and negative effects. Instead of simply preventing migration, Nepal should create conditions in which people can find meaningful opportunities at home while making migration safer and more beneficial.
---
PROJECT WORK
REPORT ON MIGRATORY BIRDS/ANIMALS OF OUR LOCALITY
The textbook asks students to prepare a report including the names, reasons, time/season, activities and duration of migration.
Model Report
MIGRATORY BIRDS OF OUR LOCALITY
Introduction:
Many migratory birds visit Nepal during different seasons. They travel long distances in search of suitable weather, food and safe habitats.
Bird
Reason for migration
Season
Activities
Duration
Bar-headed goose
Escape cold weather
Winter
Feeding and resting
Several weeks/months
Common teal
Suitable climate and food
Winter
Feeding in wetlands
Winter season
Northern pintail
Escape severe cold
Winter
Feeding and breeding
Seasonal
Demoiselle crane
Food and favourable climate
Winter
Feeding/resting
Seasonal
Conclusion
Migratory birds are an important part of biodiversity. Wetlands, forests and rivers should be protected to provide safe habitats for them.
---
⭐ IMPORTANT TERMS
Term
Meaning
Population
Number of people living in an area
Fertility
Ability/rate of producing children
Mortality
Death rate
Migration
Movement from one place to another
Populous
Having a large population
Projection
Estimate of future figures
Demographic
Related to population
Peak
Highest point
Stabilization
Becoming stable
Trajectory
Path followed by something
Surpass
Become greater than
Disparate
Very different
Migratory
Moving from one place to another
Migration
Seasonal/long-distance movement
Habitat
Natural home of an organism
Elevation
Height above sea level
Refuel
Obtain more fuel/energy
Crucial
Extremely important
Perilous
Dangerous
Waterlogged
Filled/saturated with water
Stopover
Temporary stopping place
---
CONNECTIVES OF CONTRADICTION — EASY NOTES
Although / Though / Even though
Use before a clause.
Although it was raining, we played football.
Even though he was tired, he continued working.
---
Despite / In spite of
Use before a noun, pronoun or -ing form.
Despite the rain, we played football.
In spite of being tired, he continued working.
Despite it was raining
Despite the rain
---
However
Usually connects two independent ideas.
It was raining. However, we went outside.
---
Yet
Shows contrast.
He worked hard, yet he failed.
---
Nevertheless
Means in spite of that / nevertheless.
The task was difficult. Nevertheless, she completed it.
---
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE
“Travel and Adventure.” It includes “Expect the Unexpected,” the poem “Weathers,” confirming and denying, different pronunciations of the same alphabet, describing travel experiences, question tags, travelogue writing, brochure preparation and an adventure-story project.
---
I
EXPECT THE UNEXPECTED
The reading describes a Nepal triangle trip covering Kathmandu, Chitwan and Pokhara. The writer describes the cultural attractions of Kathmandu, wildlife and jungle activities in Chitwan, and the natural beauty and adventure activities of Pokhara.
---
A. VOCABULARY
Complete the sentences with suitable words from the text.
a.
The village nestles comfortably among the hills.
b.
The garden was a riot of colour.
c.
Sophie liked cooking, gardening and painting as hobbies.
d.
Prita screamed loudly when she saw the creepy spider on her foot.
e.
This is our privilege to study in such a resourceful school.
f.
He showed no sign of regret for his crime.
g.
We have been the victim of a computer virus hoax.
h.
We were never colonized by any foreign country.
The exercise asks students to use vocabulary from the reading.
---
B. FIND WHERE THE ACTIVITIES CAN BE DONE
Activity
Kathmandu
Pokhara
Chitwan
Enjoy different colours on street   walls
a. Cycle around the village
b. Visit Durbar Squares
c. Go paragliding
d. Hang out with local people at   night
e. Meet sadhus and take   photographs
f. Walk up to the hill and view   Himalayan ranges
g. Watch the sunrise
The activities are based directly on the descriptions of Kathmandu, Chitwan and Pokhara in the reading.
---
C. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. Mention the three things that amazed the writer in Kathmandu.
The writer was amazed by:
The red-brick houses
The smiling faces of people
The roaming cattle and busy traffic
---
b. What indicates that street art is rising in Kathmandu?
The increasing number of local and international artists setting up projects in Nepal indicates that street art is rising in Kathmandu. The writer also saw colourful murals depicting symbols, people, animals and creative images.
---
c. Name the two World Heritage Monuments located in Kathmandu.
Patan Durbar Square
Pashupatinath Temple
Patan Durbar Square is described as a UNESCO World Heritage monument zone, while Pashupatinath is one of the seven UNESCO World Heritage Monuments mentioned by the writer.
---
d. How do Nepalis perceive death, according to the writer?
According to the writer, Nepalis perceive death as an everyday experience. This impression came to the writer while visiting Pashupatinath Temple, where dead bodies are brought for outdoor cremation on the Bagmati River.
---
e. What two special things does the writer mention about Pashupatinath Temple?
It is a place where dead people are cremated outdoors on the Bagmati River.
Visitors can encounter genuine sadhus dressed in colourful robes, with ashes, long hair and beards.
---
f. What does Chitwan National Park offer to its visitors?
Chitwan National Park offers activities such as:
Jeep safari
Canoeing
Jungle walk
Cycling around the village
Boat rides
Visitors can also see wildlife such as one-horned rhinos, deer, wild boars, monkeys and many birds.
---
g. Whom does the writer recommend visiting Chitwan?
The writer recommends Chitwan particularly to physically active travellers who want to discover undisturbed wildlife.
---
h. Write any two things that visitors can do in Pokhara.
Go trekking.
Go paragliding.
Other activities include visiting Phewa Lake, walking to the World Peace Pagoda and watching sunrise from Sarangkot.
---
i. What is Sarangkot known for?
Sarangkot is known as an excellent place to watch the breathtaking sunrise over the Annapurna Himalaya.
---
j. How did the writer feel when leaving Nepal?
The writer felt very emotional and sad when leaving Nepal. The writer almost cried at departure and wished to revisit Nepal in the future.
---
D. WHICH PLACE WOULD YOU VISIT?
Model
If I were given an opportunity, I would visit Pokhara. It offers a combination of natural beauty and adventure. I would like to see Phewa Lake, enjoy the view of the Annapurna range, visit the World Peace Pagoda, go paragliding and watch the sunrise from Sarangkot.
---
GRAMMAR I
QUESTION TAGS
A question tag is a short question added to the end of a statement.
Positive statement → negative tag
She is happy, isn't she?
Negative statement → positive tag
She isn't happy, is she?
Important rules
Statement
Tag
He is here.
isn't he?
They are ready.
aren't they?
She can swim.
can't she?
You will come.
won't you?
He doesn't work.
does he?
They didn't go.
did they?
---
A. MATCHING QUESTION TAGS
The exercise contains some unusual/negative-frequency structures. The correct tags are:
a. They don't need to come this evening, do they?
b. James is working on that, isn't he?
c. Punam's parents have been retired, haven't they?
d. It was raining that day, wasn't it?
e. You hadn't met me before, had you?
f. He never came again, did he?
g. She can rarely come these days, can she?
h. You hardly ever came late, did you?
i. I barely know you, do I?
j. You would scarcely expect her to know that, would you?
k. Nothing will happen, will it?
l. I am right, aren't I?
m. You have to go, don't you?
n. I have been answering, haven't I?
o. Nothing came in the post, did it?
The textbook's matching exercise is shown in the source.
---
B. SUPPLY THE CORRECT QUESTION TAGS
a.
This'll work, won't it?
b.
Well, I couldn't help it, could I?
c.
But you don't really love her, do you?
d.
We'd never have known, would we?
e.
The weather's bad, isn't it?
f.
You won't be late, will you?
g.
Nobody knows, do they?
h.
You have a bath daily, don't you?
i.
You couldn't help me, could you?
j.
Shut up, will you?
k.
She's been working hard the whole day, hasn't she?
l.
He's admitted to Patan Hospital last night, hasn't he?
m.
You can make it, can't you?
n.
Don't forget, will you?
o.
Let's have some fun, shall we?
p.
Let us chat, will you?
q.
Your phone didn't break down, did it?
---
WRITING I
TRAVELOGUE
The textbook asks students to write a short travelogue using these points:
Where did you go?
How did you plan it?
Who travelled with you?
What was the purpose?
What memorable activities did you experience?
What did you learn?
MODEL TRAVELOGUE
A MEMORABLE TRIP TO POKHARA
Last year, I travelled to Pokhara with my friends during our school vacation. We had been planning the trip for several weeks. We collected information about tourist attractions, arranged transportation and booked a hotel in advance.
We travelled by bus from Kathmandu. The journey was enjoyable because we could see beautiful hills, rivers, villages and green forests on the way.
After reaching Pokhara, we visited Phewa Lake and enjoyed boating. We also visited the World Peace Pagoda, from where we enjoyed a beautiful view of Pokhara and the surrounding mountains. The most exciting experience was paragliding. It was both frightening and enjoyable.
Early the next morning, we went to Sarangkot to watch the sunrise over the Annapurna range. The snow-capped mountains changed colour as the sun rose.
The trip taught me that travelling is not only a source of entertainment but also a wonderful way of learning about nature, culture and people. It was one of the most memorable experiences of my life.
---
I
WEATHER / WEATHERS
Poem: “Weathers”
Poet: Thomas Hardy
The poem presents two contrasting seasons:
Spring — pleasant, beautiful and enjoyable
Winter — cold, wet and uncomfortable
The poem uses weather symbolically to represent the bright and dark aspects of human life.
---
A. VOCABULARY
Find words from the poem similar in meaning to:
a. a brief and usually light fall of rain
showers
b. sings
bills
c. young women
maids
d. to tumble about; throw into disorder
betumble
e. baby birds
nestlings
f. dislikes
shuns
g. a dull greyish-brown colour
dun
h. beat or sound with a strong, regular rhythm
throb
i. small rivers; streams
rivulets
---
B. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. What do the nestlings do in spring?
The nestlings fly out of their nests in spring.
b. What does the nightingale do?
The nightingale sings its best song.
c. How do the girls come out in spring?
The girls come out wearing fine, attractive clothes.
d. What plan do people make?
People plan to visit the south and west, which are associated with summer holiday destinations.
e. What happens to beeches in winter?
The beeches become brown and dull, and their leaves are beaten/threshed by the wind.
f. Where do rooks go? Why do they migrate?
The rooks go home in winter because the weather becomes harsh and unpleasant.
g. Does the poet enjoy winter or spring? Why?
The poet enjoys spring because it is pleasant, warm, lively and beautiful. He dislikes winter because it is cold, wet and uncomfortable.
---
C. COMPLETE THE INTERPRETATION
The correct words are:
The poem *Weathers* was composed by Thomas Hardy.
In the first stanza, the pleasant spring season is described. The light rain flows over the pointed leaves of the chestnut tree. The young girls are seen in their fine clothes. The people plan to visit different places of the south and west. The weather is often warm and sunny.
In the second stanza, he talks about the winter's coldness and severity. The beeches turn dry and brown. The water drops hang from the wooden bars of gates. The rooks fly to their homes.
---
D. IN WHICH SEASON WOULD YOU LIKE TO TRAVEL?
Model
I would like to travel in spring because the weather is pleasant and warm. Flowers bloom, birds sing and the natural environment becomes colourful and beautiful. It is an ideal season for sightseeing and outdoor activities.
---
GRAMMAR II
QUESTION TAGS — COMPLETE REVISION
Important rules
- Positive → Negative tag
She is beautiful, isn't she?
- Negative → Positive tag
She isn't beautiful, is she?
- “I am” → “aren't I?”
I am late, aren't I?
- “Let's” → “shall we?”
Let's go, shall we?
- Imperative → “will you?”
Open the door, will you?
- Negative words take positive tags
Words such as:
never
nobody
nothing
hardly
scarcely
rarely
seldom
barely
make the statement negative in meaning.
Nobody came, did they?
He never lies, does he?
She rarely visits us, does she?
---
WRITING II
BROCHURE
The textbook asks students to prepare a brochure of a tourist place in their locality and include:
Name of the place
Location
Accessibility
Major attractions
Entry requirements
Contact information
MODEL BROCHURE
VISIT JANAKPURDHAM
A City of Faith, Culture and Heritage
Location:
Janakpurdham, Madhesh Province, Nepal
How to Reach
Janakpurdham can be reached by road and air. Regular buses and other means of transportation connect it with major cities.
Major Attractions
Janaki Mandir
Ram Mandir
Vivaha Mandap
Dhanush Sagar
Ganga Sagar
Mithila art and culture
Local religious and cultural festivals
Why Visit?
Janakpurdham is famous for its religious, historical and cultural importance. Visitors can experience Mithila traditions, architecture, art, food and festivals.
Entry Requirements
Visitors should follow the rules of the concerned heritage and religious sites.
Contact
Local Tourism Information Centre / Concerned Tourism Office
---
⭐ IMPORTANT VOCABULARY
Word
Meaning
massive
very large
nestled
situated comfortably
enormous
extremely large
sophisticated
advanced
mural
wall painting
riot
a large variety
monument
important historic structure
heritage
valuable cultural/historical   legacy
pagoda
a tiered Asian temple
courtyard
open area surrounded by buildings
ornament
decorative object/design
deceased
dead
cremation
burning of a dead body
sadhu
Hindu holy person
wildlife
wild animals
tranquil
calm and peaceful
vestige
remaining part of something
laid-back
relaxed
spectacular
very impressive
majestic
grand and beautiful
venue
place where an event occurs
breathtaking
extremely beautiful
departure
act of leaving
privilege
special advantage/opportunity
hoax
false story intended to deceive
colonized
controlled by another country
---
PEOPLE AND PLACES
I
ME AT THE BEGINNING OF LIFE
Writer: Jhamak Ghimire
Source: *Jivan Kada Ki Phul*
Translator: Michael Hutt
The autobiographical text describes Jhamak Ghimire's difficult childhood, physical disabilities, poverty, social attitudes and the loving support she received from her grandmother. Despite severe difficulties, she developed awareness and a strong understanding of life.
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A. VOCABULARY
Find words from the text with the following meanings.
a. lacking taste
insipid
b. wrote words
inscribed
c. twisted together
tangled
d. causing difficulty in breathing
suffocating
e. a particular attitude towards something
perspective
f. a person's child or children
offspring
g. bad luck
misfortune
These words are taken from the vocabulary exercise accompanying the text.
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B. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES
a. The word 'calm' is opposite in meaning to \_\_\_\_\_\_.
restless
b. The phrase \_\_\_\_\_\_ means 'died.'
departed
c. The word \_\_\_\_\_\_ means incapable of being seen.
invisible
d. The word 'wish' and \_\_\_\_\_\_ are synonyms.
longing
e. The word \_\_\_\_\_\_ means making dirty.
soiling
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C. TRUE OR FALSE
a. Jhamak Ghimire defines her life as a beautiful flower of creation.
True
She says that life is a beautiful flower of creation.
b. According to her, our fortune decides how our life will be.
True
She reflects on the belief that fortune determines one's line of fate.
c. The author was happy with how she spent her childhood.
False
Her childhood was extremely difficult and painful.
d. People blamed Jhamak herself for her physical disability.
True
People considered her cursed and connected her condition with sins from a former life.
e. According to the writer, Homer was incomplete because he was physically incapable.
False
She asks why Homer was not considered incomplete despite his physical incapacity.
f. Jhamak could make grandmother happy with her voice.
False
Jhamak could not speak, so she could not fulfil her grandmother's wish to hear her call “grandmother.”
g. Jhamak's grandmother still looks after her.
False
Her grandmother is no longer alive, although Jhamak says that she still lives in her heart and mind.
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D. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. Why does Jhamak think her life was a burdensome life?
Jhamak considers her life burdensome because she was born with severe physical disabilities. She could not speak, walk or use her hands normally. She also experienced poverty, social discrimination, loneliness and a lack of sympathy. She felt trapped in a life full of pain and suffering.
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b. When does fortune draw a line of fate?
According to the folk belief described in the text, fortune draws a person's line of fate on the sixth night after birth. On that night, Jhamak's mother bathed her, cleaned her and placed an exercise book and pen under her pillow.
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c. How did people respond to her life? Was she happy with their behaviour?
People considered Jhamak cursed because of their belief in karma and previous lives. They did not show sympathy or love towards her. She was not happy with their behaviour. She silently suffered and wondered why she was blamed for something she had not caused.
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d. Who does Jhamak compare herself with? What made them different from Jhamak?
Jhamak compares herself with people such as Homer, Nikolai Ostrovsky and Helen Keller. They also had physical limitations, but they achieved great things and left a lasting impact on history. Jhamak says that she was born in a different social and geographical environment where she faced greater discrimination and limitations.
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e. Did achieving awareness become a curse for her? Why?
Yes. Achieving awareness became a kind of curse because she became conscious of her limitations and suffering. She realized that she could not speak, walk, use her hands properly or fulfil many of her desires. This awareness made her suffering more painful.
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f. How does Jhamak picturise her family's economic condition during her childhood?
She describes her family as very poor. It was difficult for the family to manage even two meals a day. Her parents sometimes went hungry while trying to feed their children. Her grandmother also sacrificed her own food to feed and care for Jhamak.
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E. NARRATE JHAMAK'S LIFE
Model Answer
Jhamak Ghimire was born with severe physical disabilities. She could neither speak nor walk properly and could not use her hands normally. Her childhood was full of pain, poverty and social discrimination. People considered her cursed because of their beliefs about fate and previous lives.
Despite these difficulties, her family, especially her grandmother, cared for her deeply. Her grandmother fed her, carried her and protected her. Nature also became a source of comfort for Jhamak.
As she became conscious of her surroundings, she understood the unfairness of her situation. She compared herself with people such as Helen Keller and Homer and realized that physical disability does not make a person incomplete. Her life story demonstrates courage, suffering, love, determination and the value of human dignity.
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PRONUNCIATION
WORDS WITH TWO DIFFERENT PRONUNCIATIONS
The textbook gives words whose pronunciation changes according to their meaning.
Word
Meaning 1
Meaning 2
read
present form
past form
live
to be alive
live performance
wind
movement of air
to turn something around
wound
an injury
past form of wind
tear
to rip
a drop from the eye
use
to utilise
way/manner of using
Examples
Read
I read books every day.
I read that book yesterday.
Wind
The wind is blowing.
Please wind the clock.
Tear
Don't tear the paper.
A tear fell from her eye.
B. DESCRIBE A PERSON
Model Answer
My best friend is a sixteen-year-old boy. He is of medium height and has a slim build. He has a round face, short black hair and dark eyes. He usually wears a shirt, trousers and sports shoes. He is friendly, helpful and polite. He always speaks respectfully with teachers and elders.
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C. DESCRIBING A PLACE
Model My Village
My village is a beautiful and peaceful place. There is a large lake near my house. On a full-moon night, the moon can be seen reflected in the calm water of the lake. Snow-capped mountains can be seen from the village. The surrounding forest is home to many animals such as deer, wild boars, leopards and different kinds of birds. The evenings are cool and pleasant. The people are friendly and helpful. I love my village because of its natural beauty and peaceful environment.
The textbook's model also focuses on the lake, mountains, forest, animals and pleasant evenings.
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GRAMMAR I
RELATIVE CLAUSES
A relative clause gives additional information about a person, animal or thing.
Common relative pronouns
Relative pronoun
Use
who
People
whom
people as object
whose
possession
which
things/animals
that
people/things
where
Places
when
Time
Example
She is the girl who won the singing competition.
This is the book which I bought yesterday.
The textbook introduces relative clauses through examples such as “the girl who plays the piano” and “the girl who won the singing competition.”
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A. FILL IN THE BLANKS
a.
I admired the player whose performance was fantastic.
b.
We had some juice which was in the fridge.
c.
She didn't tell her teacher about her problem which was her mistake.
d.
My mother, who is a farmer, grows a lot of vegetables.
e.
You are my friend whom I want to sit with.
f.
I want to help those children whose economic condition is very bad.
g.
This is the road where the accident took place.
h.
The mobile phone, which I bought six years ago, is still working.
i.
It was in 2015 when the earthquake hit Nepal badly.
j.
Marima is a wonderful lady whom everyone can trust.
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B. JOIN THE SENTENCES
a.
The letter which my friend sent from abroad reached me this morning.
b.
This is the palace which Bhimsen built.
c.
The boy who committed cybercrime was sent to jail by the judge.
d.
He is a liar whom you should not believe.
e.
I know an artist who moves with an artificial leg.
f.
Bring me the file which is about our new project.
g.
We met a girl who had lost her way.
h.
I saw a soldier whose bravery impressed everyone.
i.
Once upon a time there lived a giant in a forest where nobody dared to go.
j.
The dog took away the ball with which the kids were playing.
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WRITING I
BIOGRAPHY OF BAIRAGI KAINLA
The textbook asks students to write a biography of Til Bikram Nembang Limbu, also known as Bairagi Kainla, using the given information.
Biography
Bairagi Kainla
Bairagi Kainla, whose real name is Til Bikram Nembang Limbu, is a renowned Nepali literary figure and poet. He was born on August 9, 1939, in Panchthar, Nepal.
He completed his Bachelor of Arts. He learned his early education at home and was taught by local teachers.
Bairagi Kainla has contributed significantly to Nepali literature. His important publications include Bairagi Kainlaka Kavitaharu, Sappok-Chomen: Limbu Jatima Kokh-Puja and Nawacoit Mundhum, among others.
He was a pioneer of the Tesro Aayam (Third Dimension) movement. He also served as the former Chancellor of the Nepal Academy.
For his contribution to literature, he received several awards, including the Sajha Puraskar in 2031 B.S., Vishist Shrasta Samman in 2066 B.S. and Jagdamba Shree Award in 2076 B.S.
Bairagi Kainla is respected for his valuable contribution to Nepali literature and culture.
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I
SUGARLOAF MOUNTAIN: 5 INTERESTING FACTS
Sugarloaf Mountain is a famous natural landmark in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, at the entrance to Guanabara Bay. It is a tall granite cone about 396 metres high. Its Portuguese name is Pão de Açúcar.
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A. VOCABULARY
Match the words with their meanings.
Word
Meaning
landmark
an easily recognized   object/structure
spectacular
very impressive
sprawling
spread across a large area
tranquil
calm, quiet and peaceful
blockbusters
very successful films
fortifications
structures built for defence
peninsula
land almost surrounded by water
bustling
full of lively activity
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B. -ING AND -ED ADJECTIVES
a.
The children were annoyed when they missed the beginning of the movie.
b.
Have you read *Agni* by Nabaraj Lamsal? It's a great book if you are interested in reading poems.
c.
The result of the game was surprising.
d.
I don't enjoy going out with Sumi. She's the most boring person I've ever met.
e.
The students were so excited when their school decided to take them on a trip.
f.
Angeela was quite terrified when she was flying for the first time.
g.
I love to go to the fairs because they perform very interesting magic.
Easy Rule
-ing → describes the thing/person that causes the feeling.
The movie is interesting.
-ed → describes the person who experiences the feeling.
I am interested in the movie.
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C. MATCH THE PARAGRAPHS WITH HEADINGS
A → iv. Rock Climbing
B → i. Neighboring Mountains
C → v. Hollywood Star
D → iii. Guanabara Bay
E → ii. Awesome Cable Car Ride
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D. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. Where is Sugarloaf Mountain located?
Sugarloaf Mountain is located in Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, at the entrance to Guanabara Bay.
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b. How did the mountain get the name 'Sugarloaf Mountain'?
It was named because its unusual shape resembles a traditional form of refined sugar used in the nineteenth century.
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c. Do you think many people can do rock climbing at a time? Why?
No. I don't think many people can climb at exactly the same time because the mountain has many different climbing routes, but safety requires climbers to use suitable routes and maintain enough space.
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d. Which site do you think children would love to visit? Why?
Children would probably love to visit Morro de Urca because it has a play area and a restaurant.
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e. Name the first film in which Sugarloaf Mountain was featured.
It first appeared on screen in the 1942 film *Now, Voyager* starring Bette Davis.
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f. What is historic about Guanabara Bay?
Guanabara Bay was home to several fortifications built by the colonial government in the sixteenth century.
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g. What should you do to enjoy the best scene of Guanabara Bay?
You should ride the cable cars to the summit of Sugarloaf Mountain to enjoy spectacular views of Guanabara Bay and Rio de Janeiro.
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h. Should a visitor ride the cable cars?
Yes. Visitors should ride the cable cars because they provide breathtaking views of the city, bay and ocean from high above. The cable cars are enclosed with glass panels, making the journey enjoyable and safe.
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E. MOST INTERESTING FACT
Model Answer
The fact that interests me most is that Sugarloaf Mountain is a major rock-climbing destination with 270 different routes. I find this interesting because it shows that the mountain is not only beautiful but also an important destination for adventure lovers.
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GRAMMAR II
PREPOSITIONS
A. CHOOSE THE CORRECT PREPOSITIONS
a.
I love travelling. Therefore, I went to Delhi by plane last week.
b.
Namrata visited Lumbini in 2002.
c.
My best friend lives in a beautiful house across the street.
d.
We had to walk up to the edge of the desert to find water.
e.
The Prime Minister died of a head injury a few days after his accident.
f.
My family has been living in Dharan for two years.
g.
I am very pleased to meet you.
h.
He is a tall boy with long brown hair.
i.
Guman Singh is a student at Tribhuvan University.
j.
On November 2, we will start our new semester.
k.
I love your house by the river.
l.
She misses her grandfather because she has not met him in ages.
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B. COMPLETE THE TEXT WITH PREPOSITIONS
I live in Bhairahawa, but every summer I like to travel to Pokhara. I am afraid of travelling by plane. Last summer I decided I would travel by bus. According to the ticket I received from the travel agency, the bus would leave Pokhara at 9:15 pm on Friday and arrive in Pokhara the following day at 5:30 in the morning. The travel would include boating on Phewa Lake from one end of the lake to another end. We would also drive through different beautiful places. It would be really wonderful.
The exercise's original sentence structure is given in the textbook.
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WRITING II
LETTER/EMAIL ABOUT A TOURIST DESTINATION
The textbook asks students to choose a tourist destination in Nepal, write to a foreign friend about its interesting facts and invite the friend to visit.
MODEL EMAIL
To: [John@example.com](mailto\:John@example.com)
Subject: Invitation to Visit Pokhara, Nepal
Dear John,
I hope you are fine. I am writing to tell you about one of the most beautiful tourist destinations in Nepal—Pokhara.
Pokhara is famous for its beautiful lakes, mountains and peaceful natural environment. Phewa Lake is one of its major attractions. Visitors can enjoy boating on the lake and admire the beautiful view of the Annapurna range. The city is also famous for the World Peace Pagoda, Sarangkot, trekking and paragliding.
Sarangkot is especially popular for its breathtaking sunrise and panoramic mountain views. Pokhara is an excellent destination for both nature lovers and adventure seekers.
I would be very happy if you could visit Nepal and travel to Pokhara with me. I am sure you will enjoy its natural beauty and friendly people.
I look forward to seeing you in Nepal.
Best wishes,
Your friend
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PROJECT WORK
LIFE STORY OF A PERSON
The textbook asks students to collect information about a personality who has made a special contribution to their community, prepare the person's life story and present it in class.
Model Life Story
LIFE STORY OF A COMMUNITY TEACHER
Mr. Ram Kumar is a respected teacher in our community. He was born in a rural village and grew up in a poor family. Despite financial difficulties, he completed his education through hard work and determination.
After completing his studies, he returned to his community and started teaching children. He not only teaches academic subjects but also encourages students to participate in sports, cultural programmes and social activities.
He has also helped poor students by providing books, stationery and educational guidance. Many students from his community have achieved success because of his encouragement.
His life teaches us that education, service and dedication can bring positive changes to society.
SUCCESS AND CELEBRATION
Unit 16 is “Success and Celebration.” Its main reading is “Walt Disney: An Example of Struggle and Success”, followed by the poem “If” by Rudyard Kipling. The unit also covers congratulating, pronunciation, prepositions, prepositional phrases, writing messages/letters of congratulation, speeches and report writing.
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I
WALT DISNEY: AN EXAMPLE OF STRUGGLE AND SUCCESS
A. VOCABULARY
Complete the sentences with the words from the box:
domineering, solace, apprentice, bankrupt, plotting, afloat, mounting, harness, perseverance, colossal
a.
Kisan had to sell his house to keep his business afloat.
b.
He was accused of plotting the robbery of the bank.
c.
Scientists are trying to harness the sun's rays as a new source of energy.
d.
Many companies went bankrupt during the economic depression.
e.
Courage and perseverance are the keys to success in life.
f.
The government had mounting pressure from the public to withdraw the bill.
g.
After his graduation, he worked as an apprentice electrician in a company.
h.
The government spent a colossal amount of money on the renovation of the historical buildings.
i.
Kathy was brought up by an unkind domineering stepmother.
j.
Patrick took solace in the company of his mates.
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B. MEANINGS OF PHRASES AND IDIOMS
a. Make ends meet
Meaning: To have just enough money to pay for one's basic needs.
Sentence:
My father works hard to make ends meet.
b. Silver lining
Meaning: A positive aspect of a difficult situation.
Sentence:
Although I failed the exam, the silver lining was that I learned from my mistakes.
c. Nervous breakdown
Meaning: A period of severe mental and emotional stress.
Sentence:
Excessive pressure caused him to suffer a nervous breakdown.
d. Kick in the teeth
Meaning: A very disappointing or discouraging experience.
Sentence:
Losing the competition after months of preparation was a kick in the teeth.
e. Drop out
Meaning: To leave school, college or a course before completing it.
Sentence:
He had to drop out of school because of financial problems.
f. Set off
Meaning: To start a journey.
Sentence:
We set off early in the morning.
The phrases are taken from the vocabulary exercise in the textbook.
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C. CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
The events should be arranged according to Walt Disney's life.
Correct order:
g → c → e → d → f → a → b
Explanation:
g. Disney left home and went to France to work as an ambulance driver.
c. He returned to the United States and worked as a trainee/apprentice at an art studio.
e. His cartoon company collapsed.
d. He created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit and Mickey Mouse.
f. Disney suffered a nervous breakdown.
a. He shifted his focus from big screens to television shows.
b. He successfully founded Disneyland.
These events follow the chronology presented in the reading.
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D. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. How was Walt Disney's childhood?
Walt Disney had an unhappy and difficult childhood. His father was a domineering and allegedly abusive man who struggled to support the family. Disney found comfort in drawing and used it as an escape from his stressful circumstances.
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b. Describe Disney's family background.
Walt Disney was born in Chicago in 1901 and raised in Missouri. He was the fourth son among five siblings. His father, Elias Disney, was domineering and allegedly abusive and struggled to make ends meet for the family.
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c. What did Disney do after his failure in the first business?
After his cartoon company Laugh-O-Gram Studios went bankrupt, Disney moved to Los Angeles with only forty dollars. He initially tried acting but failed. He then noticed that California had no animation studios and persuaded his brother Roy to join him in establishing an animation business.
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d. How was the character of Mickey Mouse created?
Disney lost the legal rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit after his producer took away his animators. Instead of seeking revenge, Disney decided to start again. During the train journey back to California, he created the idea of Mickey Mouse.
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e. Why did Disney have a mental breakdown?
Disney was heavily overworked and faced serious business pressures. Tensions with his employer became worse when his employer stole his longtime and best animator. These difficulties eventually caused Disney to suffer a nervous breakdown.
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f. Which of his films were commercially useless?
The films that followed *Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs*, especially:
*Pinocchio* (1940)
*Fantasia* (1940)
*Bambi* (1942)
were commercial failures according to the text.
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g. Which films produced him great financial returns?
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs became a huge box-office success. Later, television shows such as The Mickey Mouse Club and Davy Crockett generated enough capital for Disney to launch Disneyland.
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h. Why was the opening of Disneyland called 'Black Sunday'?
The opening was problematic because:
Forged tickets brought more visitors than expected.
The queue became about seven miles long.
The temperature reached around 100°F.
New asphalt melted women's high heels.
Drinking fountains did not work.
Some rides malfunctioned.
Therefore, critics called the opening “Black Sunday.”
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i. What special quality of Disney made him finally a successful entrepreneur?
His determination and perseverance made him successful. He did not give up after failures. Instead, he learned from difficulties, started again and developed new ideas.
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j. What lesson do you learn from Disney's life?
I learn that failure is not the end of life. We should not lose hope when we face difficulties. We should learn from our failures, work hard, remain determined and continue pursuing our dreams. Disney's life shows that adversity can make us stronger.
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E. WHO INSPIRED YOU?
Model
My greatest inspiration is my mother. She has always encouraged me to work hard and remain honest. Even when I face difficulties, she tells me not to give up. Her patience, sacrifice and determination have taught me the importance of hard work. She inspires me to become a responsible and successful person.
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PRONUNCIATION
Complete the table.
Word
Parts of speech
Syllables
Main stress
extraordinarily
adverb
6
second
sibling
noun
2
first
adversity
noun
4
second
renegotiate
verb
5
third
venture
noun/verb
2
first
enterprise
noun
3
first
animation
noun
4
third
The textbook provides extraordinarily as the model example.
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GRAMMAR I
PREPOSITIONS
A. Choose the correct prepositions
a.
I reached between 9:00 to 9:15 am.
b.
I usually stay in my office from 10 am to 4 pm.
c.
You should finish your test in the next 30 minutes.
d.
Noor worked in the hotel until 2010.
e.
I have been looking for my spectacles.
f.
Mr. Shahi has ten members working under him.
g.
There is a knock at the door.
h.
Kritika is in her twenties.
i.
There is a great deal of violence in some countries.
j.
Their discussion turned into an unpleasant quarrel.
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B. IN, ON OR AT
a.
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
b.
Last year, we went on a trip to National Botanical Garden, Godawari.
c.
I don't want to sit in the dark.
d.
She was married at the young age of 20.
e.
Science and technology has developed at a great pace.
f.
In my opinion, violent films should be banned for children.
g.
I heard the news on the radio this morning.
h.
My father is not at home at the moment.
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WRITING I
MESSAGE OF CONGRATULATION
A. MODEL ANSWER
HEARTIEST CONGRATULATIONS!
We are extremely happy and proud to congratulate our School Football Team for winning the title of the Inter-school Football Tournament organized by the District Sports Development Committee.
This outstanding achievement is the result of the team's hard work, dedication, discipline and team spirit. We are delighted that our team has brought the prestigious trophy and cash prizes to our school.
Heartfelt congratulations to all the players, coaches and supporters!
We wish the team even greater success in the future.
— School Administration
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B. LETTER OF CONGRATULATION
Date: 12 August 2026
Dear Uncle,
I am extremely happy to learn that you have recently been promoted to the post of Inspector of Nepal Police. Please accept my heartfelt congratulations on this wonderful achievement.
Your promotion is the result of your hard work, discipline, dedication and sincere service. I am very proud of you and hope that you will continue to achieve greater success in your professional career.
I wish you good health, happiness and continued success in your new position.
With best wishes and congratulations,
Your loving nephew/niece
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I
“IF”
— RUDYARD KIPLING
The poem “If” gives advice about the qualities necessary for becoming a successful and mature human being. It emphasizes self-control, patience, courage, honesty, humility, perseverance and proper use of time.
A. MATCH THE WORDS WITH MEANINGS
Correct answers:
Word/Phrase
Meaning
a. unforgiving
vii
b. virtue
iii
c. sinew
vi
d. pitch-and-toss
v
e. worn-out
ii
f. stoop
ix
g. knave
i
h. triumph
iv
i. impostor
viii
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B. COMPLETE THE SUMMARY
The correct words are:
inspirational, truthfulness, success and failure, value, will, virtue, importance
Completed summary:
In *If*, Rudyard Kipling provides inspirational insights into life. In the first stanza, the poet suggests us to keep calm, have self-trust and bear truthfulness. According to the poet, it is important to be thoughtful about an action before undertaking it. Similarly, balancing between success and failure is another important quality of a successful person.
In the third stanza, the poet suggests us to value our winnings. We must devote our intellect, heart and muscle in the work we do and we should always have a strong will to achieve success.
In the final stanza, the poet suggests us to maintain our virtue no matter who we are with. Most importantly, we must realize the importance of time.
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C. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. What does the poet suggest about dealing with lies?
The poet advises us not to respond to lies with more lies. Even if people lie about us, we should remain truthful and honest.
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b. What do you mean by 'not be tired by waiting'?
It means that we should have patience and continue waiting or working for our goal without becoming frustrated or giving up.
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c. Why should we not aim only to dream in life?
Dreams alone cannot make us successful. We must turn our dreams into reality through planning, hard work, action and perseverance.
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d. How can we achieve our dreams?
We can achieve our dreams by setting clear goals, working hard, remaining patient, learning from failure and continuing our efforts with strong determination.
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e. What can knaves do to us?
Knaves can twist the truth we speak and use it against us. They may deceive or manipulate us.
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f. Why should we forget our failures in life?
We should not remain discouraged by failure. We should learn from our mistakes, start again and continue towards our goals.
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g. What should we do if we lose the 'pitch-and-toss'?
If we lose, we should start again from the beginning without complaining about our loss. We should have the courage to rebuild what we lost.
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D. ADVICE FROM PARENTS AND TEACHERS
Model
My parents and teachers advise me to:
Work hard.
Be honest.
Respect everyone.
Use time wisely.
Learn from failure.
Never give up.
Set clear goals.
Remain disciplined.
Help others.
Stay confident and positive.
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GRAMMAR II
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
Use the phrases:
in cash, at playing, interested in, with each other, out of their hand, in a hurry, out of reach, on a diet, at large, on board, of the situation
a.
The accident took place as the bus and the lorry collided with each other.
b.
Amin is brilliant at playing the violin.
c.
Mr. Sharma is not interested in politics.
d.
The criminal who took the lives of five is still at large.
e.
I cannot contact him. His phone is out of reach.
f.
The concert went out of their hand. They had to call the police to take control of the situation.
g.
Sanskriti is on a diet these days for fear that she will put on weight.
h.
I cannot talk to you now. I am in a hurry.
i.
Even though the plane had to make an emergency landing, all the passengers on board were safe and sound.
j.
Would you like to make the payment in cash or by cheque?
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WRITING II
SPEECH: FAILURE AS A PILLAR OF SUCCESS
Respected chairperson, teachers and dear friends,
Good morning to everyone.
Today, I am going to speak on the topic “Failure as a Pillar of Success.”
Failure is a natural part of life. Nobody can become successful without facing difficulties and setbacks. Instead of being discouraged by failure, we should take it as an opportunity to identify our mistakes and improve ourselves.
There are many successful people who failed several times before achieving their goals. Walt Disney faced bankruptcy, rejection and many business failures, but he continued working and eventually created Mickey Mouse and Disneyland. His life teaches us the importance of determination and perseverance.
Similarly, the poem *If* by Rudyard Kipling teaches us to remain calm during difficulties, accept success and failure equally, and continue working towards our goals.
Failure does not mean that we are incapable. It means that we have an opportunity to learn. The important thing is not how many times we fall but how strongly we rise again.
Therefore, we should never fear failure. We should learn from it, correct our mistakes and continue our journey towards success.
Thank you.
The writing task specifically asks for a speech on “Failure as Pillar of Success” with examples of successful personalities.
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COUNTRIES AND TOWNS
Unit 17 is “Countries and Towns.” It includes London vs Paris, the poem “The Country Mouse and the City Mouse,” comparison and contrast, intonation, adjectives/adverbs, connectives, paragraph writing, place description and a report project.
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I
LONDON VS PARIS
The text compares London, the capital of the United Kingdom, and Paris, the capital of France. London lies on the River Thames, while Paris lies on the Seine River. The text compares their geography, culture, food, cost of living, entertainment, transportation, tourism and weather.
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A. VOCABULARY — CROSSWORD
Find the words from the text.
DOWN
- a person who lives in a town
→ Urbanite
- an impressive display of a
particular type of thing
→ Array
- in accordance with the highest
standards; faultless
→ Impeccable
- impaired by lack of recent
practice
→ Rusty
ACROSS
- a person who approaches passers-by
in the street asking for donations
→ Chugger
- a set of rails that forms the
route for a tram
→ Tramway
- full of energy and life
→ Vibrant
- a long, narrow French loaf
→ Baguette
- the art of choosing, cooking and
eating good food
→ Gastronomy
- a small close-knit group of
people
→ Clique
These meanings are taken directly from the vocabulary exercise.
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B. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE
a. The transport network in London is:
ii. widespread
London has an extensive transport network.
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b. The number of museums in London is:
iii. 240
The text states that London has 240 museums while Paris has 153.
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c. Paris is better and has more to offer than London in terms of:
i. variety in cuisine
Paris is particularly famous for its cuisine, bread, pastries and baguettes.
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d. Which of the following is NOT the major attraction of Paris?
iv. public library
Paris is famous for fashion, cuisine and art, but public libraries are not presented as a major attraction of Paris.
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e. Which is NOT a similarity between the two cities?
iv. Both cities are famous for viewpoints and museums.
The text does not establish this as a similarity.
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C. TRUE OR FALSE
a. The French prefer handshakes to kisses.
False.
A handshake is accepted, but a kiss is described as the conventional French greeting.
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b. People in London are easy to get along with.
False.
The text says that people in London often stay in close groups, making it difficult for strangers to interact with them.
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c. The French enjoy talking informally in espresso bars.
True.
The text says French urbanites meet at cafés and enjoy their espressos.
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d. London is almost fifteen times larger than Paris in terms of geography.
True.
London covers about 1,572 square kilometres, whereas Paris covers about 105 square kilometres.
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e. The cost of living in Paris is almost the same as that of London.
False.
Both cities are expensive, but London is described as more expensive than Paris.
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f. If you are looking for a less populous city, then Paris would be a perfect suit.
False.
Paris is very densely populated.
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D. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. What are the famous rivers in London and Paris?
The famous river in London is the River Thames, and the famous river in Paris is the Seine River.
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b. Why do football fans prefer London to Paris?
Football fans may prefer London because it has six major football clubs playing in the top league, whereas Paris has only one major club, Paris Saint-Germain (PSG).
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c. Which of the two cities was visited by more tourists in 2018?
London was visited by more tourists. According to the 2018 MasterCard report mentioned in the text, London ranked second globally after Bangkok, while Paris ranked third.
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d. What time of the year is suitable to visit London?
Autumn is considered the most appropriate time to visit London because the temperature is pleasant and the city hosts many British events and festivals.
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e. Which of the two cities is cheaper to travel?
Paris is cheaper to travel to. The text says that Paris is a more pocket-friendly destination than London.
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f. Where do you think it is easier to catch a cab: London or Paris? Why?
I think it is easier to catch a cab in London because London has approximately 22,500 registered taxis, whereas Paris has around 17,000.
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E. WHICH CITY WOULD YOU LIKE TO VISIT?
Model
I would like to visit Paris. It is famous for the Eiffel Tower, Louvre Museum, Palace of Versailles and Disneyland. I am also interested in French food, art, fashion and culture. Paris is relatively cheaper than London, so it would be a suitable destination for me.
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LONDON VS PARIS — QUICK COMPARISON
London
Paris
Capital of UK
Capital of France
River Thames
Seine River
About 1,572 km²
About 105 km²
More expensive
Relatively cheaper
240 museums
153 museums
380 public libraries
69 public libraries
6 major football clubs
1 major club
6 international airports
3 international airports
About 22,500 taxis
About 17,000 taxis
Famous for Big Ben, London Eye
Famous for Eiffel Tower, Louvre
Autumn suitable for visit
June–August suitable for visit
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PRONUNCIATION
INTONATION PATTERNS
The unit asks students to practise the correct intonation in statements, questions, requests and expressions.
General rule:
Yes/No questions → usually rising intonation ↗
Wh-questions → usually falling intonation ↘
Statements → usually falling intonation ↘
Commands/requests → generally falling intonation ↘
Examples:
Have a nice trip. ↘
Where does your brother live? ↘
Thank you! ↘
Is it Shrijana who topped the list? ↗
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GRAMMAR I
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
A. CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD
a.
My poor family can't afford a car.
b.
Sujata performed poorly at the concert.
c.
Suraj is calm under pressure.
d.
The cook patiently removed the boiling pot from the stove.
e.
The teacher spoke loudly to the students.
f.
Sunil walked to the kitchen quietly.
g.
The quiet children listened to the teacher.
h.
The woman softly sang a lullaby to her infant.
i.
The kitten timidly peered from under the couch.
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Easy Rule: Adjective vs Adverb
Adjective
Describes a noun or pronoun.
She is a beautiful girl.
Adverb
Describes a verb, adjective or another adverb.
She sings beautifully.
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B. COMPARATIVE / SUPERLATIVE FORMS
a.
Some people think that the Sanskrit language is much more complicated to deal with than the Nepali language.
b.
Metal is heavier than wood.
c.
Wood is not as heavy as iron.
d.
He ran more quickly than me.
e.
Albert Einstein was an intelligent person.
f.
My sister can speak English better than Juna.
g.
A family car is not as fast as a sports car.
h.
I wrote more beautifully than he did.
i.
Sunita did not dance as gracefully as Mamata did.
j.
The journey home by bus takes much longer than by plane.
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WRITING I
KATHMANDU VS ANOTHER CITY OF NEPAL
Model Kathmandu vs Pokhara
Kathmandu and Pokhara are two popular cities of Nepal. Kathmandu is the capital city and the largest urban centre of the country, whereas Pokhara is a major tourist destination famous for its natural beauty. Kathmandu is more crowded and busy than Pokhara. It has many historical monuments, temples, museums and government offices.
Pokhara, on the other hand, is quieter and more peaceful. It is famous for Phewa Lake, Sarangkot, caves and spectacular mountain views. Kathmandu has more educational institutions and administrative facilities, while Pokhara offers more opportunities for tourism and outdoor activities. Both cities are important, but they are different in terms of environment, lifestyle and attractions.
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I
THE COUNTRY MOUSE AND THE CITY MOUSE
Poet: Richard Scrafton Sharpe
The poem contrasts the simple, peaceful life of a country mouse with the luxurious but dangerous life of a city mouse. The country mouse finally realizes that peace and contentment are more valuable than luxury without security.
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A. MATCH THE WORDS WITH THEIR MEANINGS
a. snug → iv
Warm, comfortable and protected.
b. unmolested → ix
Not disturbed or attacked.
c. stray → i
Move away aimlessly from the place where one should be.
d. frown → x
A facial expression showing disapproval or displeasure.
e. horrid → ii
Very unpleasant or rough.
f. reluctant → iii
Unwilling and hesitant.
g. custard → v
A sweet yellow sauce made from milk, sugar, eggs and flour.
h. trifle → vii
A cold dessert of sponge cake and fruit.
i. regale → vi
Entertain or amuse somebody with a talk.
j. endure → viii
Deal with something painful or unpleasant.
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B. TRUE OR FALSE
a. The country mouse was happy with the way she was living.
True.
She was content with her simple life and plain food.
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b. The country mouse enjoyed the grand meal every day.
False.
She normally ate simple food such as cheese, bacon and grey peas.
---
c. The town mouse was unhappy with the food he was served.
True.
He considered the country food unpleasant and wanted the country mouse to experience better food in the city.
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d. The town mouse invited the country mouse for a dinner in the town.
True.
He invited her to the town to enjoy excellent food.
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e. In the town, the country mouse was served delicious food.
True.
They found custard, trifle, cheesecakes, sweetmeats, jellies and many other delicacies.
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f. There was no peace for the mice in the town.
True.
The dog, cat and maid suddenly entered the room, frightening them. The country mouse realized that the city life was full of disturbance and danger.
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C. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. How did the country mouse live?
The country mouse lived a simple, peaceful and comfortable life in a small cottage. She was satisfied with plain food such as cheese, bacon and grey peas.
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b. Why did the town mouse go to the country?
The town mouse went to the country to visit his friend, the country mouse.
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c. Was the country mouse happy to get an invitation to visit the town? Why?
Yes, she was happy and accepted the invitation because she was curious to experience the town mouse's luxurious life and delicious food.
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d. What happened while the mice were having dinner?
While they were enjoying their meal, a dog, a cat and a maid with a broom entered the room. The mice became frightened and had to escape.
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e. What did the country mouse request her friend for?
She requested her friend to take her safely back to the country because she could no longer tolerate the danger and disturbance of city life.
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D. TOWN OR COUNTRY?
Model Answer
I live in a town.
Advantages:
Better educational facilities
Better transportation
Hospitals and health facilities
More employment opportunities
Internet and communication facilities
Shops and markets are easily available
Disadvantages:
Traffic congestion
Air and noise pollution
Crowded environment
Expensive lifestyle
Less peaceful than rural areas
The country, however, offers a peaceful environment, fresh air, natural beauty and simpler living.
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A. MODEL ANSWERS
a. Name the capital cities of two different provinces of Nepal.
Kathmandu is the capital of Bagmati Province, and Pokhara is the capital of Gandaki Province.
b. What are the similarities and differences between those cities?
Both are important cities of Nepal and have good educational, transportation and commercial facilities. However, Kathmandu is more crowded and urbanized, whereas Pokhara is more peaceful and famous for tourism and natural beauty.
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B. QUEBEC CITY OR MONTREAL
Statement
Answer
a. It is the biggest city in   Quebec province.
Montreal
b. It is the capital of the province.
Quebec City
c. The St. Lawrence River runs   through it.
Both
d. It is the third-largest   French-speaking city in the world.
Montreal
e. Many of the buildings are very   old here.
Quebec City
The exercise asks learners to distinguish the two cities based on the listening recording.
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C. TRUE OR FALSE
a. Dave is going to Montreal City for a friend's wedding.
True
b. People speak French and English in Montreal.
True
c. He will be in Montreal for forty days.
False
d. Dave's French is perfect.
False
e. He will visit his uncle in Quebec City.
True
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D. MY FAVOURITE CITY
Model Answer
My favourite city is Pokhara. It is one of the most beautiful cities in Nepal. It is famous for Phewa Lake, Sarangkot, mountain views, caves and many adventure activities. The city is relatively peaceful and clean. I particularly like its natural beauty and pleasant environment. I would love to visit Pokhara again with my family and friends.
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GRAMMAR II
CONNECTIVES
The given connectives are:
because, because of, although, however, despite/in spite of, but
Answers
a.
Although it was summer, the days were rather cold.
b.
A piece of stone struck the workman's head. However, he was not hurt.
c.
I like popcorn but I don't like pizza.
d.
Despite/In spite of her age, she is still working very hard.
e.
Although Narayan is a skilful worker, he can't read and write very well.
f.
Because petrol had become so expensive, Brian sold his car and bought a motorcycle.
g.
I took a taxi because it was raining.
h.
All flights were cancelled because of the fog.
i.
Despite/In spite of feeling unwell, she went to school.
j.
Prinja felt cold although she was wearing a winter coat.
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EASY RULE — CONNECTIVES
Because + complete clause
I stayed home because it was raining.
Because of + noun/noun phrase
I stayed home because of the rain.
Although + complete clause
Although it was raining, we went out.
Despite/In spite of + noun/gerund
Despite the rain, we went out.
However
Used to show contrast between sentences.
It was raining. However, we went out.
But
Connects contrasting ideas.
I like tea, but I don't like coffee.
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WRITING II
DESCRIPTION OF LAMIDADA VILLAGE
Lamidada Village
Lamidada is a beautiful village located in Khotang district of Nepal. It is also a gateway to the sacred temple of Halesi Mahadev. The village is rich in natural beauty and traditional culture. It is surrounded by gorgeous landscapes, agricultural land, traditional houses, mountain views and dense forests.
Lamidada has a thick settlement of the Rai people. The villagers are humble, friendly and hardworking. If we walk uphill along the stone-paved path, we can see villagers carrying wood from the forest and children grazing domestic animals. These scenes reflect the simple and traditional rural lifestyle.
The weather of Lamidada is pleasant. The mornings can be slightly chilly, while the daytime is generally warm. The combination of natural scenery, traditional houses, forests, mountains and friendly villagers makes Lamidada an attractive rural destination.
The information used for this description is provided in the textbook exercise.
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PROJECT WORK
REPORT ON FRIENDS' LIKES, DISLIKES AND SKILLS
The textbook asks students to interview five friends about their likes, dislikes, skills, etc., prepare a short report and present it to the class.
Model Report
A REPORT ON MY FRIENDS' LIKES, DISLIKES AND SKILLS
Introduction
I interviewed five of my friends to learn about their likes, dislikes and skills.
Friend
Likes
Dislikes
Skills
Suman
Football
Noise
Playing football
Riya
Music
Dishonesty
Singing
Anil
Reading
Laziness
Writing
Pooja
Dancing
Pollution
Dancing
Bikash
Computers
Wasting time
Computer skills
Findings
The interview showed that my friends have different interests and abilities. Most of them enjoy sports, music, reading and technology. They dislike dishonesty, pollution, noise and laziness. Each friend has a special skill, such as singing, dancing, writing, playing football or using computers.
Conclusion
The interview helped me understand my friends better. It also showed that every person has different interests, talents and abilities.
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MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT
Unit 18 is “Media and Entertainment.” It includes Hachi: A Dog’s Tale, interesting social-media stories, asking for and giving opinions, pronunciation of numbers, questions, causative verbs, film review writing, an essay on social media, and a project on social-media impacts.
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A. VOCABULARY
Find the words from the text that match the meanings.
a. Never changing or becoming weaker
Unwavering
b. Great love, care and support for somebody/something
Devotion
c. A person who travels some distance to work regularly
Commuter
d. A person or company that sells goods or services
Vendor
e. The act of changing something to make it suitable for a new situation
Adaptation
f. To strengthen with some added piece, support or material
Reinforce
g. Having or showing strong feelings
Emotional
h. Connected with film and how films are made
Cinematic
i. Not having any connection with religion
Secular
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B. TRUE OR FALSE
a. Laura Busch is one of the characters in the movie.
False.
Laura Busch is the writer of the film review, not a character in the movie.
b. The dog is the symbol of love, devotion and loyalty.
True.
Hachi represents loyalty, devotion and love.
c. The story of the movie is based on a real incident.
True.
The film is an American adaptation of a true story set in Japan in 1925.
d. Portraying traditional values of marriage is one of the weaknesses of the movie.
False.
The film's respect for family and marriage is presented positively, not as a weakness.
e. Strong bonding between the dog and his master makes everyone emotional.
True.
The bond between Hachi and Parker touches the viewers and people around the station.
f. This film is different from other family films.
True.
The review praises it as a clean family film without the crude jokes and mild profanities often found in other family films.
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C. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. What is the name of the dog in the movie?
The name of the dog is Hachi.
---
b. Who directed the movie?
The movie was directed by Lasse Hallström.
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c. How was the relationship between the dog and his master?
The relationship between Hachi and Parker was very close, loving and loyal. Hachi followed Parker to the train station every day and returned every evening to welcome him. Even after Parker died, Hachi continued waiting for him at the station for nine years.
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d. Why was the statue of the dog made?
A bronze statue of Hachi was made at Shibuya Station in Japan to honour his faithfulness and loyalty.
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e. Write any two weaknesses of the film.
Two possible weaknesses mentioned in the review are:
Parker and his wife exchange a few kisses.
Parker and Cate drink champagne and later lie in bed talking about their love.
Some viewers may also object to the use of the number 8 around Hachi's neck, although the review explains its Japanese cultural significance.
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f. What things in the movie touch the heart of the audience?
The strong friendship and loyalty between Hachi and Parker, Hachi's nine-year wait for his master, the loving relationship between Parker and Cate, the family's affection and the dog's unwavering devotion touch the hearts of the audience.
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D. CRITICAL THINKING
Question:
If you had a chance to ask the screenwriter a question, what would you ask?
Model
I would ask:
“What inspired you to present Hachi's loyalty and devotion in such an emotional way, and what message did you want the audience to take from the story?”
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GRAMMAR I
QUESTIONS
A. Put the words in the correct order.
a.
How did you feel on the plane?
b.
What are the kids doing?
c.
Why didn't you phone me?
d.
What did he find on the beach?
e.
What do your parents have for breakfast?
f.
What will the weather be like tomorrow?
g.
Did they have a nice time?
h.
Was your hotel near the beach?
i.
Has Rita ever visited Italy?
j.
Have you ever gone fishing?
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B. QUESTIONS FOR DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
a. Suggesting going to a movie
Would you like to go to a movie?
b. Asking where Simran lives
Where does Simran live?
c. Inviting a friend home
Would you like to come to my home?
d. Asking permission to sit on a bus
May I take this seat?
e. Looking for your pet dog
Have you seen my dog?
f. Asking Bharat about his books
How many books have you got?
g. Asking about father's cooking
Does your father cook every day or once a week?
h. Asking teacher about tomorrow's weather
What will the weather be like tomorrow?
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C. COMPLETE THE CONVERSATION
Pristine:
Where do you live?
Mr. Waiba:
I live in Dhadingbensi.
Pristine:
How old are you?
Mr. Waiba:
I am sixteen.
Pristine:
Did you go to school?
Mr. Waiba:
Yes, I went to school.
Pristine:
What are your interests?
Mr. Waiba:
My interests? I don't have any.
Pristine:
Which school did you attend?
Mr. Waiba:
It's Neelakantha Secondary School.
Pristine:
What do you like about your school?
Mr. Waiba:
Nothing. I like everything about my school.
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WRITING I
FILM REVIEW
MODEL FILM REVIEW
HACHI: A DOG'S TALE — FILM REVIEW
Title: Hachi: A Dog's Tale
Director: Lasse Hallström
Genre: Family Drama
Runtime: 93 minutes
Year: 2009
*Hachi: A Dog's Tale* is a heartwarming family drama based on a true story. The movie tells the story of an Akita dog named Hachi and his extraordinary loyalty to his master, Professor Parker Wilson.
Parker finds Hachi at a train station and takes him home. Soon, they develop a strong friendship. Hachi accompanies Parker to the train station every day and waits for him in the evening. Tragically, Parker dies and never returns to the station. However, Hachi continues to wait for his master every day for the next nine years.
The strongest part of the movie is the relationship between Hachi and Parker. The film teaches us about loyalty, love, devotion, friendship and family values. The music and cinematography also increase the emotional effect of the story.
There are a few scenes that some viewers may find unnecessary, but overall the film is clean and suitable for families.
Verdict
I highly recommend this movie to people who enjoy emotional and inspirational family films. It is a touching story that teaches us the true meaning of loyalty and unconditional love.
The review should follow the model and details provided in Reading I.
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I
INTERESTING SOCIAL MEDIA STORIES
The reading contains five positive stories showing how social media can connect people and create helpful outcomes.
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STORY 1
Nathan Apodaca
Nathan's truck broke down while he was travelling to work. He used his skateboard, drank Ocean Spray cranberry juice and recorded himself skating and lip-syncing to Fleetwood Mac's “Dreams.”
He shared the video on TikTok and it became viral, receiving more than 40 million views. Ocean Spray rewarded him with a truck full of his favourite drink and allowed him to keep the truck.
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STORY 2
Charlie's Special Birthday
Charlie Manning's sixth birthday party was cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Her aunt posted on Facebook asking people to make Charlie's birthday special. The post spread through social media, and Charlie received 173 cards and 15 parcels from strangers.
Thus, social media helped make her birthday memorable.
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STORY 3
School Children Catch a Big Break
Jashika Khan and Mohammad Azajuddin from Kolkata were filmed performing somersaults and flips while going to school.
Their teacher posted the video on TikTok, Facebook and Twitter. The video became viral and was eventually retweeted by Olympic gymnast Nadia Comaneci.
As a result, the children received free gymnastics training with meals paid for by the Sports Authority of India.
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STORY 4
“We Rate Dogs”
Matt Nason created the “We Rate Dogs” Twitter account, where he posts pictures of dogs and gives them favourable ratings.
The account gained more than 8 million followers. Matt used this popularity to raise money for dogs needing medical treatment and equipment.
One campaign raised more than $700 for a Golden Retriever that needed a wheelchair. Matt had raised over $500,000 for sick dogs at the time described in the text.
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STORY 5
Injured Hawk Rescued
Madeleine Weatherhead found an injured hawk on a New York street. She contacted the Animal Care Center but could not reach them directly.
She photographed the hawk and posted the picture on Twitter, asking her followers for help.
Special Operations Officers Maxwell Outsen and Joseph Bellomo responded and rescued the hawk. It was taken to an animal sanctuary and recovered.
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A. MATCH THE WORDS WITH THEIR MEANINGS
Word
Answer
a. lip-syncing
iii
b. platform
iv
c. pandemic
i
d. overwhelm
ii
e. somersaulting
vii
f. accumulate
vi
g. voicemail
viii
h. sanctuary
v
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B. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES
a.
The text is about the positive results brought by social media.
b.
Nathan Apodaca was gifted a truck of his favourite drink because he was drinking Ocean Spray cranberry juice.
c.
Charlie's birthday became more special than expected because of a post on Facebook.
d.
If there were no social media, people would have no idea about the gymnastic talents of the two school children.
e.
Matt Nason's Twitter page helps raise funds for the help of dogs.
f.
The social media platform Twitter was used for the rescue of the hawk.
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C. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
a. What did Nathan Apodaca record in his video?
Nathan recorded a video of himself skateboarding, drinking Ocean Spray cranberry juice and lip-syncing to Fleetwood Mac's “Dreams.”
---
b. Was a truck of Ocean Spray a much-deserved reward for Nathan? Why?
Yes. The reward was deserved because Nathan's spontaneous video became extremely popular and promoted Ocean Spray's product. It received more than 40 million views.
---
c. How did social media help Charlie celebrate her birthday?
Charlie’s aunt posted on Facebook asking people to make her birthday special. The post spread widely and strangers sent her 173 cards and 15 parcels, making her birthday memorable.
---
d. What was $700 spent on? How did Matt collect the money?
The $700 was used to help a 12-year-old Golden Retriever get a wheelchair. Matt collected the money by sharing the dog's fundraising campaign with his large number of social-media followers.
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e. How was the hawk in New York rescued?
Madeleine photographed the injured hawk and posted the photograph on Twitter asking for help. Special Operations Officers saw the post, arrived at the scene and rescued the bird. It was then taken to an animal sanctuary where it recovered.
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D. AN INTERESTING SOCIAL MEDIA STORY
Model
I once read about a student who posted a video of his traditional musical performance on social media. The video attracted many viewers and was shared by several people. A music teacher noticed his talent and invited him to participate in a cultural programme. Later, he received opportunities to develop his musical skills.
This story shows that social media can help talented people gain attention and opportunities.
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GRAMMAR II
CAUSATIVE VERBS
Causative structures show that one person causes another person to do something or arranges for something to be done.
---
Important structures
- HAVE + person + base verb
I had the technician fix my television.
- GET + person + TO + verb
I got my friend to edit my assignment.
- MAKE + person + base verb
She made her sister walk the dog.
- HAVE + object + past participle
I had my television fixed.
- GET + object + past participle
I got my assignment edited.
The unit gives these patterns through paired examples.
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B. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES
a.
I don't let my children play video games.
b.
The police made him pay for the damage he caused.
c.
Rob is having his house painted next weekend.
d.
Julia got her boyfriend to buy her a ring.
e.
Sam gets me to deliver the grocery every weekend.
f.
Please, try not to make her cry.
g.
This quiz can make you understand causative verbs better.
h.
Laura never has people tell her what to do.
i.
My friend got me to help her with her CV.
j.
I had a plumber fix the plumbing this morning.
k.
I had my hair trimmed once a month.
l.
After the party, I was made to wash all the dishes.
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C. HOLIDAY CAMP — MODEL ANSWER
Last year, I went to a holiday camp.
I was made to clean my room every morning.
I was made to participate in group activities.
The instructors made us follow the camp rules.
They let us play football in the evening.
I got my friend to help me with cooking.
We had the instructors organize several outdoor activities.
We were made to wash the dishes after meals.
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WRITING II
ESSAY: IMPACTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA
Social Media: Advantages and Disadvantages
Social media has become an important part of modern life. Platforms such as Facebook, TikTok, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter allow people to communicate, share information and entertain themselves. However, social media has both positive and negative impacts on individuals and society.
One major advantage of social media is communication. People can communicate with friends and family members regardless of distance. Students can also use social media to share educational materials and learn new things. Businesses use social media for advertising and reaching customers. It can also help talented people gain recognition, as shown by the stories in this unit.
Social media can also be useful during emergencies. People can quickly share information and ask for help. The stories of the injured hawk, Charlie's birthday and the children from Kolkata show how social media can create positive results.
However, excessive use of social media can cause problems. It may waste valuable time, reduce concentration and affect students' studies. False information, cyberbullying, online fraud and privacy violations are other serious problems. Some people also become addicted to social-media platforms and spend less time communicating face to face.
Therefore, social media itself is neither completely good nor completely bad. Its impact depends largely on how responsibly people use it. We should use social media for education, communication and positive activities while protecting our privacy and avoiding harmful content.
Conclusion
Social media has connected people globally and created many opportunities. At the same time, it has brought new challenges. Responsible and balanced use is the best way to enjoy its benefits while reducing its negative effects.
The writing task asks students to express their opinion on whether social-networking sites have negative impacts or connect people globally.
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PROJECT WORK
The textbook asks students to collect stories from their locality in which people's lives have been positively or negatively affected by social media and share them in class.
MODEL PROJECT REPORT
IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON PEOPLE IN MY LOCALITY
Introduction
I collected information from several people in my locality about how social media has affected their lives.
Positive Impact
One local student used YouTube to learn computer skills. He later used these skills to earn money online.
Another person used Facebook to promote a small business. Social media helped him reach more customers without spending much money on advertising.
Negative Impact
Some young people spend several hours every day watching short videos and using social media. This affects their studies and sleep.
Another person experienced a problem after sharing personal information online. This shows the importance of protecting privacy.
Conclusion
Social media has both positive and negative effects. It can provide education, business opportunities, communication and assistance during emergencies. However, excessive use, misinformation and privacy problems can be harmful. Therefore, people should use social media carefully and responsibly.
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⭐ UNIT 18 — QUICK REVISION
Hachi: A Dog's Tale
Point
Answer
Movie
Hachi: A Dog's Tale
Genre
Family Drama
Director
Lasse Hallström
Release
2009
Runtime
93 minutes
Dog
Hachi
Master
Parker Wilson
Actor
Richard Gere
Hachi's breed
Akita
Main theme
Loyalty, devotion and love
Setting of original story
Japan
Statue
Shibuya Station, Japan
Waiting period
Nine years
Main lesson
True loyalty and unconditional   love
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⭐ FIVE SOCIAL-MEDIA STORIES — ONE-LINE REVISION
Nathan Apodaca → Viral skateboard video → Ocean Spray rewarded him.
Charlie Manning → Facebook post → 173 cards and 15 parcels.
Jashika & Mohammad → Viral gymnastics video → Free training.
We Rate Dogs → Twitter → Money raised for sick dogs.
Injured hawk → Twitter post → Officers rescued the hawk.
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