The people shown in the pictures are famous personalities who have achieved success through education and their dedication to society. The third person is Malala Yousafzai.

b. What are they known for? How did education contribute to their success in life?

Answer:

They are known for their contributions to education, society and humanity. Education provided them with knowledge, confidence and the ability to understand social problems and work for positive change.

c. What do you think the text is about?

Answer:

The text is about the importance of education, equality, peace and human rights. It emphasizes the need for quality education for every child, especially girls.

Ways with Words

A. Find the words from the text which mean the following.

a. A messenger or representative, especially one on a diplomatic mission

Answer: Envoy

b. The state or quality of being worthy of honour or respect

Answer: Dignity

c. Harm done to someone in response to harm

Answer: Revenge

d. A person who holds extreme views in political or religious matters

Answer: Extremist

e. Sympathetic pity and concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others

Answer: Compassion

f. A person who is believed to speak for God

Answer: Prophet

g. The study of the nature of knowledge, reality and existence

Answer: Philosophy

h. The use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage or destroy

Answer: Violence

i. An unreasonable dislike of a particular group of people or things

Answer: Prejudice

B. Match the words on the left with their opposite meanings on the right.

Words

Opposite meanings

a. Honour

iv. Disgrace

b. Innocent

iii. Guilty

c. Brutality

i. Kindness

d. Forgiveness

v. Punishment

e. Illiteracy

ii. Literacy

Answer:

a. Honour — Disgrace

b. Innocent — Guilty

c. Brutality — Kindness

d. Forgiveness — Punishment

e. Illiteracy — Literacy

C. Using Dictionary

i. What is the headword in the first entry?

Answer:

The headword in the first entry is humanity.

ii. How many meanings of the word ‘humanity’ are given?

Answer:

Four meanings of the word humanity are given.

iii. What do the abbreviations U, OPP, pl, and sth stand for?

Answer:

U = Uncountable
OPP = Opposite
pl = Plural
sth = Something

iv. What is the British English spelling of ‘humanize’?

Answer:

The British English spelling is humanise.

v. How is the word ‘humanize’ pronounced?

Answer:

It is pronounced /ˈhjuːmənaɪz/.

vi. If we say “Every person should have the sense of humanity,” which meaning of ‘humanity’ is applied?

Answer:

The third meaning is applied: the quality of being kind to people and animals by making sure that they do not suffer more than is necessary.

D. Arrange the following words in alphabetical order.

i. advance, analysis, amuse, assure, allergy, attain, aid, anxiety, acute, agreement

Answer:

acute, advance, agreement, aid, allergy, amuse, analysis, anxiety, assure, attain

ii. smoke, small, smart, speaking, smelling, smoothly, smuggler, smashed, smearing, smallpox

Answer:

small, smallpox, smart, smashed, speaking, smearing, smelling, smoke, smoothly, smuggler

iii. terminate, territory, terminology, terrace, terrible, terribly, terror, terminal, terms

Answer:

terminal, terminate, terminology, terms, terrace, terrible, terribly, territory, terror

E. Make a list of five new words from the reading text. Using a dictionary, write their meanings and use the words in sentences of your own.

1. Dignity

Meaning: The quality of being worthy of respect.

Sentence: Every human being deserves to live with dignity.

2. Compassion

Meaning: Sympathy and concern for someone who is suffering.

Sentence: We should show compassion towards people in difficulty.

3. Extremist

Meaning: A person who holds extreme political or religious views.

Sentence: Extremists often oppose peaceful solutions.

4. Prejudice

Meaning: An unreasonable negative opinion about a person or group.

Sentence: Education can help people overcome prejudice.

5. Illiteracy

Meaning: The inability to read and write.

Sentence: Governments should work together to eliminate illiteracy.

Comprehension

Answer the following questions.

a. Why did the speaker receive thousands of good-wishes cards and gifts from all over the world?

Answer:

The speaker received thousands of good-wishes cards and gifts from all over the world because people prayed for her fast recovery and a new life after she was attacked by the Taliban.

b. According to the speaker, what are hundreds of human rights activists and social workers struggling for?

Answer:

They are struggling to achieve the goals of education, peace, equality and human rights.

c. What has she learnt from Gandhi?

Answer:

She has learnt the philosophy of non-violence from Gandhi.

d. In what sense is peace necessary for education?

Answer:

Peace is necessary for education because wars and conflicts prevent children from going to school. Children cannot receive proper education when their communities are affected by violence and conflict.

e. According to the speaker, what are the main problems faced by both men and women?

Answer:

The main problems are poverty, ignorance, injustice, racism and deprivation of basic rights.

f. What is Malala calling upon all governments?

Answer:

Malala calls upon all governments to ensure free compulsory education for every child, fight against terrorism and violence, protect children from brutality and harm, and support educational opportunities for girls.

g. What is the main message of this speech?

Answer:

The main message is that education is a fundamental right of every child and is the key to peace, equality and social change. Malala calls on people and governments around the world to unite against illiteracy, poverty, violence and discrimination.

Critical Thinking

a. All children have the right to quality education. How can we ensure this right to every child? Discuss the role of the government and the parents to make sure that every child can attend school.

Answer:

Every child can receive quality education when the government and parents work together. The government should provide free and compulsory education, qualified teachers, adequate school facilities, books and other learning materials. It should also provide scholarships and special support to disadvantaged children.

Parents should encourage their children to attend school regularly and create a supportive learning environment at home. They should treat sons and daughters equally and understand that education is equally important for both. Cooperation between schools, parents and the government can help ensure education for every child.

b. Do you think that there is still discrimination between sons and daughters in terms of providing education in our country? What strategies do you suggest to overcome such discrimination against girls?

Answer:

Yes, discrimination between sons and daughters can still be found in some communities. Some families give greater priority to boys' education because of traditional beliefs, poverty or social expectations.

To overcome this discrimination, the government should provide scholarships and educational opportunities for girls. Awareness programmes should be conducted to educate parents and communities about gender equality. Schools should provide a safe and supportive environment for girls. Most importantly, parents should give equal educational opportunities to both sons and daughters.

c. A Chinese philosopher Confucius said, “If your plan is for one year, plant rice; if your plan is for ten years, plant trees; if your plan is for one hundred years, educate children.” What is the meaning of this saying? Elaborate this with examples.

Answer:

The saying means that education is a long-term investment that benefits individuals, families, societies and future generations. Planting rice gives benefits in a short period, while planting trees provides benefits for many years. Educating children creates benefits that can continue for generations.

An educated child can become a responsible citizen, teacher, doctor, engineer, entrepreneur or social worker. Education also helps reduce poverty, discrimination, ignorance and social problems. Therefore, investing in children's education is one of the best ways to build a better future.

Writing

a. Recall your school days. Write in three paragraphs of an event that you always remember.

Answer:

One of the most memorable events of my school days was participating in a school programme with my classmates. We had been preparing for the programme for several days. Our teachers guided us and encouraged us to perform confidently.

On the day of the programme, I was nervous at first because many students, teachers and parents were watching us. However, when I went onto the stage, I gradually became confident. My friends supported me, and our performance was successful.

I still remember that day because it taught me the importance of teamwork, preparation and confidence. It also brought me closer to my friends and teachers. It remains one of the happiest memories of my school life.

b. “Education empowers a person.” Elaborate this statement giving examples of your personal experience.

Answer:

Education empowers a person by providing knowledge, skills, confidence and the ability to make informed decisions. An educated person can understand his or her rights and responsibilities and can participate actively in society.

From my experience as a student, education has helped me become more confident in expressing my ideas. It has taught me how to communicate with others, solve problems and understand different points of view. It has also helped me use technology and obtain information independently.

Therefore, education is not only about passing examinations. It develops a person's personality, thinking ability and sense of responsibility. An educated person can contribute positively to family, society and the nation.

Grammar

A. Word Classes

Identify the word class of the underlined words.

Word

Word Class

governments

Noun

temporarily

Adverb

affected

Verb

and

Conjunction

Preposition

immediate

Adjective

the

Determiner

B. Classify the underlined words into different word classes.

1. The man who is wearing glasses is my uncle’s friend.

Answer:

man — Noun
who — Pronoun
is — Verb
wearing — Verb
glasses — Noun
my — Determiner
uncle’s — Noun
friend — Noun

2. I bought a round table in the supermarket.

Answer:

I — Pronoun
bought — Verb
a — Determiner
round — Adjective
table — Noun
in — Preposition
the — Determiner
supermarket — Noun

3. Alas, she is dead.

Answer:

Alas — Interjection
she — Pronoun
is — Verb
dead — Adjective

4. Hari works very hard all the time but his wife is very lazy.

Answer:

Hari — Noun
works — Verb
very — Adverb
hard — Adverb
all — Determiner
the — Determiner
time — Noun
but — Conjunction
his — Determiner
wife — Noun
is — Verb
very — Adverb
lazy — Adjective

5. I have never been to Japan.

Answer:

I — Pronoun
have — Verb
never — Adverb
been — Verb
to — Preposition
Japan — Proper Noun

C. Read a paragraph of an English newspaper and make a list of about 20 words. Categorize them into different word classes.

Sample Answer:

Word Class

Examples

Nouns

government, school, students, education, society

Pronouns

they, we, it, them

Verbs

provide, learn, develop, support

Adjectives

educational, important, social

Adverbs

regularly, effectively

Prepositions

in, for, from

Conjunctions

and, but

Determiners

the, a

Listening

A. What is your major optional subject in Grade 11? Why are you interested in the subject that you have chosen?

Sample Answer:

My major optional subject is Education. I am interested in this subject because it helps me understand teaching, learning, human development and the role of education in society. It will also help me develop skills that can be useful in my future career.

B. Listen to the recording and mark if the sentences are True or False.

a. The man has already chosen his major subject.

Answer: Cannot be reliably determined without the textbook recording.

b. The woman is a senior college student.

Answer: Cannot be reliably determined without the textbook recording.

c. The woman didn't work during the school year.

Answer: Cannot be reliably determined without the textbook recording.

d. The man is attending English class right now.

Answer: Cannot be reliably determined without the textbook recording.

C. Listen to the recording and answer the following questions.

a. Where is the conversation most likely taking place?

Answer: This requires the accompanying recording.

b. How many credits does the woman have to take for graduation?

Answer: This requires the accompanying recording.

c. Why has the woman not been able to work in the past year?

Answer: This requires the accompanying recording.

d. How does the woman know the man's teacher?

Answer: This requires the accompanying recording.

Expressing Good Wishes

A. Read the conversation. Notice the expressions used to express good wishes.

Important expressions from the conversation include:

I wish you all the best.
I wish you a quick recovery.
Get well soon.
I hope so.

B. Write how you would express good wishes in these situations.

a. Your sister is taking an IELTS test.

Answer:

I wish you all the best for your IELTS test. I hope you achieve a great score.

b. One of your friends is attending a job interview and you meet him/her in the street.

Answer:

All the best for your job interview. I hope you do very well.

c. It’s your friend’s birthday.

Answer:

Happy birthday! I wish you a wonderful and successful year ahead.

d. Your friend is leaving for a holiday abroad and you meet her at the airport.

Answer:

Have a wonderful trip! I wish you a safe and enjoyable journey.

C. Contracted Forms of Verbs

Contracted form

Full form

I'm

I am

he's

he is / he has

she's

she is / she has

it's

it is / it has

we're

we are

you're

you are

they're

they are

I've

I have

we've

we have

you've

you have

they've

they have

I'll

I will

he'll

he will

she'll

she will

we'll

we will

you'll

you will

they'll

they will

I'd

I had / I would

he'd

he had / he would

she'd

she had / she would

we'd

we had / we would

you'd

you had / you would

they'd

they had / they would

Examples

I'm feeling tired. → I am feeling tired.

He's watching TV. → He is watching TV.

She's lost the key. → She has lost the key.

We're working hard. → We are working hard.

I've composed a song. → I have composed a song.

They'll come soon. → They will come soon.

I'd like to have a cup of tea. → I would like to have a cup of tea.

Who's your favourite singer? → Who is your favourite singer?

Project Work

Visit a woman who is famous in your community. Ask her questions about how she was able to attend school and the struggle she made for education. Prepare a poster of her life story and present it in class.

Sample Answer / Poster Content:

A SUCCESSFUL WOMAN IN MY COMMUNITY

Name: Sita Sharma

Early Life:

Sita Sharma was born into a simple family. She believed strongly in the value of education.

Educational Journey:

She faced financial and social difficulties during her education, but she continued studying with determination.

Struggles:

She had to overcome financial problems, limited resources and social pressure. Her family and teachers encouraged her to continue her education.

Achievement:

Through hard work and education, she became an inspiring and respected woman in her community.

Message:

“Education gives us confidence, knowledge and the power to change our lives.”

UNIT 2: COMMUNICATION

Reading: Freewriting

Peter Elbow

Before You Read

a. What do the following images indicate? What comes to your mind when you see them? What do they communicate to people?

Answer:

The images indicate different forms of communication, especially writing and expressing ideas. They remind us that people communicate their thoughts, feelings and information through words, signs and different forms of expression.

b. What do the following quotes mean?

i. “If writing is easy, you are doing it wrong.”

Answer:

The quotation means that good writing requires thinking, effort, revision and practice. Writing may seem difficult because a writer has to develop and organize ideas effectively.

ii. “The pen is the tongue of the mind.”

Answer:

The quotation means that writing expresses the thoughts and ideas of our mind. Just as the tongue communicates our thoughts through speech, the pen communicates them through writing.

c. How did you learn to write? What was particularly difficult in writing? What inspired you to write? What are some of the challenges that you still face while writing?

Answer:

I learned to write gradually through school lessons, reading books and practising different types of writing. At first, spelling, vocabulary, grammar and organizing ideas were difficult for me. My teachers encouraged me to write and helped me improve.

Even now, I sometimes find it difficult to choose appropriate words, organize ideas and write without stopping to correct mistakes. Regular reading and writing practice help me overcome these difficulties.

Ways with Words

A. Find the words from the text according to the clues.

Down

1. To be preoccupied with a single topic or emotion

Answer: Obsessed

2. To move slowly and quietly in a particular direction

Answer: Creep

3. Orderly, logical and consistent

Answer: Coherent

Across

1. To utter rapidly or unintelligibly

Answer: Babble

2. To insert something between other things

Answer: Interpose

3. An unreadable handwriting

Answer: Squiggle

(Dhamiprakash)

B. Use the following words in sentences of your own.

1. Massive

Answer:

The earthquake caused massive damage to many buildings.

2. Consciousness

Answer:

The injured man slowly regained consciousness.

3. Catch-as-catch-can

Answer:

During the difficult journey, we had to eat catch-as-catch-can meals.

4. Give up

Answer:

We should never give up our dreams.

5. Abandon

Answer:

The family had to abandon their damaged house.

6. Lousy

Answer:

The team gave a lousy performance in the first match.

7. Editing

Answer:

Editing is an important part of improving a piece of writing.

C. Word Formation: Adjectives and Adverbs

a. Identify the word forms.

i. Do freewriting exercises regularly.

Answer:

Regularly — Adverb

ii. Go quickly without rushing.

Answer:

Quickly — Adverb

iii. No wonder the producer gets nervous, jumpy, inhibited, and finally can't be coherent.

Answer:

Nervous, jumpy, inhibited, coherent — Adjectives

iv. You can throw away lousy beginnings and make new ones.

Answer:

Lousy — Adjective

b. Change the adjectives into adverbs and nouns into adjectives.

Adjective

Adverb

Noun

Adjective

careful

carefully

rain

rainy

perfect

perfectly

bush

bushy

automatic

automatically

spice

spicy

certain

certainly

snow

snowy

fair

fairly

blood

bloody

general

generally

cloud

cloudy

heavy

heavily

bag

baggy

proud

proudly

mood

moody

rapid

rapidly

noise

noisy

proper

properly

air

airy

final

finally

cream

creamy

common

commonly

dust

dusty

beautiful

beautifully

ice

icy

frequent

frequently

oil

oily

hungry

hungrily

fun

funny

—

—

hand

handy

—

—

greed

greedy

—

—

health

healthy

—

—

hill

hilly

(Dhamiprakash)

c. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate adjective or adverb.

i. Pramila is playing ______. (quiet/quietly)

Answer: Pramila is playing quietly.

ii. Hari speaks very ______. (loud/loudly)

Answer: Hari speaks very loudly.

iii. Mukesh is a ______ driver. (careful/carefully)

Answer: Mukesh is a careful driver.

iv. The test was ______ and we finished in time. (easy/easily)

Answer: The test was easy and we finished in time.

v. He is fitting the ______ door in my house. (automatic/automatically)

Answer: He is fitting the automatic door in my house.

vi. My uncle speaks ______ Chinese. (perfect/perfectly)

Answer: My uncle speaks perfect Chinese.

vii. It was raining very ______. (heavy/heavily)

Answer: It was raining very heavily.

viii. She looked very ______, but I am sure she was feeling very nervous. (calm/calmly)

Answer: She looked very calm, but I am sure she was feeling very nervous.

(Dhamiprakash)

Comprehension

Answer the following questions.

a. Why is freewriting also called ‘automatic writing’?

Answer:

Freewriting is called automatic writing because it is done spontaneously. The writer writes continuously without worrying about grammar, punctuation, spelling, organization or mistakes.

b. How do you differentiate writing from speaking?

Answer:

Writing and speaking are different because writing allows us to stop, think, revise and edit our ideas. Speaking is usually more spontaneous because words come out immediately and cannot normally be edited after they are spoken.

c. What are the biggest obstacles in the writing process, according to Elbow? Do you agree with him? Why? Why not?

Answer:

According to Elbow, the biggest obstacles are being obsessed with mistakes and trying to edit while producing ideas. He believes that premature editing interrupts the natural flow of writing.

Yes, I agree with him because worrying too much about grammar, spelling and word choice can prevent ideas from flowing freely.

d. How can freewriting overcome ‘writer's block’?

Answer:

Freewriting can overcome writer's block by encouraging the writer to continue writing without worrying about mistakes. Regular practice breaks the habit of stopping and editing while writing and makes ideas and words come more easily.

e. What do you mean by ‘voice’ in writing?

Answer:

“Voice” in writing means the writer's individual way of expressing thoughts and ideas. It is the natural style and personality that can be felt in a person's writing.

f. Elbow uses a simile to explain that freewriting “is like writing something and putting it in a bottle in the sea.” What does this mean? Explain.

Answer:

The simile means that freewriting is not written for an audience or evaluation. Like a message placed in a bottle and thrown into the sea, freewriting is written without worrying about who will read it. Its main purpose is to help the writer practise and improve writing.

(Dhamiprakash)

Critical Thinking

a. How does the author persuade readers in this essay? What is he trying to communicate to the readers?

Answer:

The author persuades readers by explaining the benefits of freewriting and giving practical instructions for doing it. He recommends writing regularly without stopping or worrying about grammar, spelling and mistakes.

He is trying to communicate that freewriting is an effective way to improve writing, overcome writer's block and develop a natural flow of ideas.

b. Elbow said, “Freewriting is an exercise in bringing together the process of producing words and putting them down on the page.” Do you agree with his statement? Why? Why not?

Answer:

Yes, I agree with the statement. During freewriting, we produce thoughts and ideas spontaneously and immediately put them on the page. We do not stop to correct every mistake. This practice helps us develop fluency and confidence in writing.

c. How did you learn to write? What was particularly difficult in writing? What inspired you to write? What are some of the challenges that you still face while writing?

Answer:

I learned to write through school lessons, reading and regular writing practice. In the beginning, spelling, vocabulary, grammar and organizing ideas were difficult.

My teachers and the desire to express my thoughts inspired me to write. At present, I still sometimes face difficulties in selecting suitable words, organizing ideas and writing fluently without unnecessary editing.

(Dhamiprakash)

Writing

A. Decide a topic of your choice for freewriting exercise. Write a paragraph on the topic for five minutes.

Topic: My First Day at School

Answer:

My first day at school was an unforgettable experience. I was excited but also nervous because everything was new to me. I remember entering the school gate with my parents and seeing many students around me. My teacher welcomed me warmly and asked me to sit with other students. At first, I was shy and did not talk much. Gradually, I became comfortable with my classmates and started enjoying the activities. The teacher taught us some interesting things and encouraged us to participate. By the end of the day, I felt happy and wanted to come back to school again. My first day at school remains one of my most memorable childhood experiences.

Paragraph Organization

B. Read the following paragraph. Identify the topic sentence and the concluding sentence.

Topic sentence:

“Students require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in class.”

Concluding sentence:

“Clearly, physical exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student scores on standardized tests.”

C. Write a paragraph on any one of the following topics.

a. My School Library

My school library is one of my favourite places in the school. It contains many books related to different subjects and areas of knowledge. It has textbooks, reference books, storybooks, newspapers and magazines. The library provides a peaceful environment where students can read and study. I often visit the library to prepare my lessons and learn new things. The librarian helps us find useful books and encourages us to develop reading habits. Although our library is not very large, it is an important place for learning. I believe that every student should make good use of the school library.

b. Moral Values I Like Most

Moral values are important qualities that guide people to distinguish between right and wrong. The moral values I like most are honesty, kindness and compassion. Honesty helps us gain the trust of others and develop good character. Kindness teaches us to respect and help other people. Compassion encourages us to understand the difficulties and suffering of others. These values make our relationships stronger and help create a peaceful society. Therefore, I always try to practise honesty, kindness and compassion in my daily life.

Grammar

Position of Adverbs

A. Study these sentences.

i. Perhaps she is not coming to the party.

Answer:

Perhaps is an adverb placed at the beginning of the sentence.

ii. I sometimes visit him in the supermarket.

Answer:

Sometimes is an adverb placed in the middle of the sentence.

iii. He drove the car carefully.

Answer:

Carefully is an adverb placed at the end of the sentence.

B. Rewrite the following sentences with the adverbs in the appropriate place.

a. I watch television. (often)

Answer: I often watch television.

b. Have you been to Janakpur? (ever)

Answer: Have you ever been to Janakpur?

c. They play football on Saturdays. (sometimes)

Answer: They sometimes play football on Saturdays.

d. The weather is bad in November. (always)

Answer: The weather is always bad in November.

e. We have fish for dinner. (seldom)

Answer: We seldom have fish for dinner.

f. Pritam doesn't get up before seven. (usually)

Answer: Pritam doesn't usually get up before seven.

g. I was very tired and I was hungry. (also)

Answer: I was very tired and I was also hungry.

h. Did you enjoy the flight? (both)

Answer: Did you both enjoy the flight?

(Bhanu Khatiwada Blog)

C. Rewrite the following sentences placing the adverbs in the right position.

a. I never have understood her.

Answer: I have never understood her.

b. We are often invited to the parties.

Answer: We are often invited to the parties.

c. We all were tired, so we all fell asleep.

Answer: We were all tired, so we all fell asleep.

d. Rajan drives always to work.

Answer: Rajan always drives to work.

e. Pradip hardly ever watches television, but he reads newspapers a lot.

Answer: Pradip hardly ever watches television, but he reads newspapers a lot.

f. We enjoyed very much the party.

Answer: We enjoyed the party very much.

g. My brother speaks fluently English.

Answer: My brother speaks English fluently.

(Bhanu Khatiwada Blog)

Listening

A. Look at the picture and answer these questions.

a. Is the girl happy or anxious?

Answer:

The girl appears anxious.

b. Why do you think the girl is worried?

Answer:

She appears worried because she is thinking about preparing her notes and studying for an examination.

B. Listen to the recording and mark True or False.

a. Clare has got a history examination on Friday.

Answer: Cannot be reliably determined without the accompanying audio.

b. Clare's notes are too short.

Answer: Cannot be reliably determined without the accompanying audio.

c. Mark explains that she doesn't need to write everything in notes.

Answer: Cannot be reliably determined without the accompanying audio.

d. Mark draws a picture of a heart and writes an ‘H’ instead of ‘King Henry’.

Answer: Cannot be reliably determined without the accompanying audio.

e. Mark's way of taking notes doesn't work for Clare.

Answer: Cannot be reliably determined without the accompanying audio.

C. What are your ideas about preparing notes for study and examination? Discuss.

Answer:

Good notes should be short, clear and well organized. Important points, headings, keywords, dates and examples should be included. Using simple language and highlighting important information makes revision easier. Notes should not contain unnecessary details.

The listening section specifically depends on the textbook recording, so I have not invented answers for those items. (Scribd)

Speaking

Expressing Agreement/Disagreement

A. Expressions of agreement, partial agreement and disagreement

Agreeing

• You're right.

• Exactly.

• I agree.

• Of course.

• Undoubtedly.

• I completely agree.

• You're absolutely right.

• I totally agree with you.

• Absolutely!

• I see exactly what you mean!

• That's exactly what I think.

• There is no doubt about it.

Partly agreeing

• That's partly true, but …

• That may be true, but …

• I see your point, but …

• I guess so, but …

• I'm not so sure about that.

• I agree up to a point, but …

Disagreeing

• That's not right!

• I totally disagree!

• I don't agree!

• I don't agree with you.

• I'm sorry, but I disagree.

• Absolutely not!

• I’m afraid I can't agree with you.

• That's not always true.

• I don't think so.

• No, that's not true.

• No way!

(Scribd)

B. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1. Winter is the best season.

Sample answer:

I don't agree. I think spring is a better season because the weather is pleasant and flowers bloom everywhere.

2. Travelling to remote places is important because it is adventurous.

Sample answer:

I completely agree. Travelling to remote places gives us new experiences and helps us learn about different cultures and environments.

3. It is easy to learn English.

Sample answer:

I agree up to a point, but learning English requires regular practice in reading, writing, listening and speaking.

4. Life is easier for children now than 20 years ago.

Sample answer:

I agree to some extent. Modern technology provides children with easier access to information and educational resources, although it also creates new challenges.

5. Use of smartphones in the classroom is not good.

Sample answer:

I agree up to a point, but smartphones can be useful for educational purposes when teachers guide students properly.

Project Work

Hobby Cards

Task

Work in a group of five and list five hobbies such as travelling, photography, etc. Create statement cards for each hobby. Each person picks a card, reads the statement and says whether they agree or disagree, giving reasons.

Sample Hobby Cards

Card 1 — Photography

“Photography is an expensive hobby.”

Response:

I partly agree because professional cameras and equipment can be expensive, but photography can also be practised using a simple mobile phone.

Card 2 — Travelling

“Travelling is the best way to learn about different cultures.”

Response:

I completely agree because travelling allows us to experience different cultures, traditions, food and lifestyles directly.

Card 3 — Reading

“Reading books is better than watching television.”

Response:

I agree because reading develops vocabulary, imagination and knowledge.

Card 4 — Music

“Listening to music helps reduce stress.”

Response:

I agree. Pleasant music can help people relax and improve their mood.

Card 5 — Sports

“Everyone should have a hobby related to physical activity.”

Response:

I completely agree because physical activities help us remain active and healthy.

UNIT 3: MEDIA AND SOCIETY

Reading: Social Media: Its Influence and Control over People’s Lives

Before You Read

a. What does each icon in the box mean?

Answer:

The icons represent different social-media and internet platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Blogger and other online communication or information-sharing services.

b. Do you have a Facebook or Twitter account? What do you do with them?

Answer:

Yes, I use social media to communicate with friends and relatives, share information, follow current events, watch educational videos and learn new things.

c. Do you think social media can have influence in society? How?

Answer:

Yes. Social media has a strong influence on society because it allows information, opinions and news to spread quickly. It can help people communicate and raise awareness, but it can also spread misinformation and affect people's behaviour.

Ways with Words

A. Find the words from the text that have the following meanings.

a. A personal or corporate website

Answer: Blog

b. A job requiring expertise in a particular field

Answer: Profession

c. A feeling of sadness

Answer: Disappointment

d. Put under custody

Answer: Detained

e. Found guilty

Answer: Convicted

f. Breaking or disregarding rules or a system

Answer: Violating

g. Advantages and disadvantages

Answer: Pros and cons

h. A non-statutory monetary penalty

Answer: Amercement

B. Use the following prepositional verbs in sentences.

1. Apologize to

Answer:

She apologized to her teacher for being late.

2. Adapt to

Answer:

It takes time to adapt to a new environment.

3. Believe in

Answer:

I believe in the power of education.

4. Belong to

Answer:

This book belongs to my friend.

5. Care for

Answer:

We should care for elderly people.

6. Depend on

Answer:

Success often depends on hard work.

7. Focus on

Answer:

Students should focus on their studies.

8. Insist on

Answer:

My parents insist on regular study.

9. Listen to

Answer:

I like to listen to educational programmes.

10. Succeed in

Answer:

She succeeded in completing the project.

Comprehension

A. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words/phrases from the text.

a. People are using social media for ______ as well as marketing purposes.

Answer:

People are using social media for individual as well as marketing purposes.

b. Social media is not only a platform of sharing views, but also a platform of ______.

Answer:

Social media is not only a platform of sharing views, but also a platform of marketing strategy.

c. The hospital wanted Prita to pay Rp. 100 million for ______ losses.

Answer:

The hospital wanted Prita to pay Rp. 100 million for immaterial losses.

d. Some singers organized ______ to help Prita.

Answer:

Some singers organized a concert to help Prita.

e. The campaign to help Prita was able to collect Rp. ______.

Answer:

The campaign to help Prita was able to collect Rp. 825 million.

B. Answer the following questions.

a. How do you define social media?

Answer:

Social media is computer-based technology that enables people to create, share and exchange ideas, information and messages through online networks and communities.

b. Social media has been an integral part of modern life. How?

Answer:

Social media has become an integral part of modern life because it allows people to communicate easily, obtain information, share opinions, maintain relationships and participate in online communities from almost anywhere.

c. Why do people use Facebook and YouTube?

Answer:

People use Facebook to communicate with friends and relatives, share information, follow people and express their views. People use YouTube to watch and share videos, listen to music, learn new things and obtain information.

d. What is a blog?

Answer:

A blog is a website or online platform where an individual or organization regularly publishes articles, opinions, information or other content.

e. What is the main advantage of social media?

Answer:

The main advantage of social media is that it enables people to communicate and share information quickly and easily with others, regardless of distance.

f. What was Prita Mulyasari's problem?

Answer:

Prita Mulyasari had a dispute with a hospital after she complained about the treatment she received. Her complaint circulated through email and social media, leading to legal action against her.

g. How did social media help Prita?

Answer:

Social media helped Prita by spreading information about her case and generating public support. People organized activities to support her, and a campaign collected money to help her pay the required amount.

h. What lesson can we learn from Prita's case?

Answer:

Prita's case shows that social media can be a powerful tool for communication, public awareness and social support. At the same time, people should use social media responsibly because information shared online can have serious consequences.

Critical Thinking

a. Do you think social media has helped to bring positive changes in society? Explain with examples.

Answer:

Yes. Social media has helped bring positive changes by spreading information quickly, connecting people and raising awareness about social issues. For example, people can use social media to organize campaigns, support people in need, share educational materials and inform the public about important events.

b. Social media is one of the most powerful means of communication. What are its advantages and disadvantages?

Answer:

Advantages:

Fast communication
Easy access to information
Global connectivity
Educational opportunities
Public awareness
Business and marketing opportunities
Social campaigns and community support

Disadvantages:

Spread of misinformation
Privacy concerns
Online harassment
Excessive use and distraction
Addiction to social platforms
Negative influence on people's behaviour

Therefore, social media should be used carefully and responsibly.

c. Do you think social media can have negative effects on people's lives? How?

Answer:

Yes. Excessive use of social media can waste time and distract students from their studies. False information can also spread quickly. It may create privacy problems, reduce face-to-face communication and expose users to harmful online behaviour. Responsible and balanced use can reduce these negative effects.

Writing

A. Write a paragraph on “The Effects of Social Media on People’s Lives.”

Social media has become an important part of modern life. It allows people to communicate with friends and relatives, share information and learn about events around the world. Students can use social media to access educational materials, watch useful videos and communicate with teachers and classmates. Businesses can also use it to advertise their products and services. However, excessive use of social media can waste time and distract people from their studies and work. False information, privacy problems and online harassment are other possible disadvantages. Therefore, social media should be used wisely, responsibly and in moderation.

B. Write a paragraph explaining how social media can be used for educational purposes.

Social media can be a useful educational tool when it is used properly. Students can watch educational videos, join learning groups, share notes and discuss academic topics with classmates and teachers. They can also find information about different subjects and develop their knowledge beyond the classroom. Teachers can use online platforms to provide learning materials and communicate important information to students. However, students should avoid unnecessary distractions and unreliable information. Proper use of social media can therefore make learning easier, more interactive and accessible.

Grammar

Prepositions

A. Look at the following prepositions of direction with examples.

1. Away from

Example:

Why are you going away from me?

2. Across

Example:

He walked across the road.

3. Along

Example:

A soldier walked along the rope.

4. Out of

Example:

He came out of the room.

5. Up to

Example:

He came up to her and asked a question.

6. Past

Example:

The bullet whistled past my right ear.

B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

a. The children walked ______ the river.

Answer: along

b. The boy ran ______ the road.

Answer: across

c. She came ______ the classroom.

Answer: out of

d. He walked ______ me without speaking.

Answer: past

e. The teacher came ______ the student.

Answer: up to

Listening

Television Programme

A. Look at the picture and answer the questions.

a. What type of programme do you think it is?

Answer:

It appears to be a television programme.

b. What do you think the programme is about?

Answer:

It is likely to be a programme that presents information or discusses an issue related to media and society.

B. Listen to the recording and answer the questions.

Answer:

The answers to these questions depend on the accompanying textbook audio recording. The scanned book available here does not provide the audio itself, so I will not invent answers that cannot be verified from the source.

Speaking

Giving Directions and Instructions

A. What expressions can we use to give directions?

Answer:

Go straight ahead.
Turn left.
Turn right.
Go along the road.
Walk past the school.
Cross the road.
Go across the bridge.
Take the first turning on the left.
Take the second turning on the right.
It is opposite the bank.
It is next to the hospital.

B. Give directions from your school to a nearby place.

Sample Answer:

Go straight from the school gate and walk along the main road. After a few minutes, turn right at the first junction. Continue straight and cross the road. You will see the market on your left. The place is just opposite the market.

Project Work

Facebook Survey

Task

Conduct a survey among your friends or classmates about their use of Facebook/social media. Prepare questions, collect responses and present the findings.

Sample Survey Questions

Do you use Facebook or other social-media platforms?
How many hours do you spend on social media each day?
What do you mainly use social media for?
Do you use social media for educational purposes?
Do you think social media has positive effects?
Do you think social media has negative effects?
Have you ever shared educational information through social media?
Do you think students spend too much time on social media?

Sample Findings

A survey was conducted among 20 students to find out about their use of social media. Most of the students said that they use social media every day. The majority use it for communication, entertainment, news and educational purposes. Several students said that social media helps them find useful learning materials and communicate with classmates.

However, many students also admitted that excessive use of social media can waste their time and distract them from their studies. Some students were also concerned about false information and privacy. The survey shows that social media can be both useful and harmful depending on how it is used. Therefore, students should use social media responsibly and maintain a balance between online activities and their studies.

UNIT 4: HISTORY AND CULTURE

Reading: The Qin Dynasty

Before You Read

a. What do you see in the picture?

Answer:

I see the Great Wall of China in the picture.

b. When was this structure built?

Answer:

The Great Wall was built and developed over a long period, beginning before the Qin Dynasty. Qin Shi Huangdi connected and strengthened earlier walls during the Qin period.

c. Who made it?

Answer:

The wall was constructed by different rulers and their workers over many centuries. Qin Shi Huangdi ordered the connection and strengthening of earlier defensive walls.

Ways with Words

A. Match the words with their meanings.

Word

Meaning

a. Brevity

lasting only for a short time

b. Conquest

victory over a place or people by use of military force

c. Resemblance

the state of being alike

d. Barbarian

a member of an uncivilized group of people or culture

e. Ally

one state united to another by a treaty or league for a military purpose

f. Nobility

state of being noble in character, quality, or rank

g. Ruthlessness

character of having no pity or compassion

h. Decimation

the killing or destruction of a large number of a population

i. Harsh

cruel

j. Elixir

liquid that is believed to cure all ills

Answer:

a–v, b–vii, c–i, d–ii, e–x, f–iii, g–ix, h–viii, i–vi, j–iv.

B. Find the following words in the text and use them in sentences of your own.

1. Invasion

Answer:

The people lived under the constant threat of invasion.

2. Disregard

Answer:

We should not disregard the importance of education.

3. Paramount

Answer:

The safety of the students is of paramount importance.

4. Populace

Answer:

The king tried to win the support of the populace.

5. Revolt

Answer:

The people organized a revolt against the oppressive ruler.

6. Assassination

Answer:

The king lived in constant fear of assassination.

7. Serfdom

Answer:

The peasants suffered under a system similar to serfdom.

C. Pronunciation

Put the words into the correct pronunciation groups according to the sound of the underlined letters.

Answer:

The words should be grouped according to their vowel sounds as indicated in the textbook pronunciation exercise.

D. Consult a dictionary and prepare a list of ten homographs.

Answer:

Homograph

Meaning 1

Meaning 2

Bass

a type of fish

a low, deep voice

Bat

sports equipment

an animal

Bear

to tolerate

an animal

near

to shut

Bow

to bend forward

front of a ship

Lead

to guide

a type of metal

Lean

thin

to rest against

Skip

to jump

to miss

Fair

reasonable

a public event

Evening

making something even

period after afternoon

Comprehension

B. Answer these questions.

a. Why is the Zhou Age called a feudal age?

Answer:

The Zhou Age is called a feudal age because the Zhou political system was based largely on feudalism, in which territories were controlled by nobles who owed loyalty to the central ruler.

b. What is the location advantage of the Qin?

Answer:

The Qin territory was naturally protected by mountains and other geographical features. This provided the Qin with a strong defensive advantage against its enemies.

c. What contributed to the success in warfare as described in the text?

Answer:

The strategic location of Qin, its large and well-organized army, and its effective use of chariots contributed to its success in warfare.

d. Why did the Qin invite the foreign advisor, Shang Yang?

Answer:

The Qin invited Shang Yang because the state needed an effective political and administrative reformer. His ideas helped strengthen Qin's political system and military organization.

e. What were the key features of the Qin political system?

Answer:

The key features were strict control, centralized authority, harsh laws, discipline and fear. The ruler maintained strong control over the population through Legalist principles.

f. How were the people treated during the Qin Period?

Answer:

People were treated harshly and were expected to contribute to major state projects. They had limited freedom, and strict laws controlled many aspects of their lives.

g. Why did Shi Huangdi stop educating ordinary people?

Answer:

Shi Huangdi believed that ordinary people who were educated could become difficult to control. Therefore, education was restricted so that the population would remain obedient to the state.

h. What did the Qin achieve by Legalism in practice?

Answer:

Legalism helped the Qin establish a highly disciplined population, a powerful army and a strongly centralized government. It also enabled the state to undertake major construction projects such as roads, canals and the Great Wall.

i. Why did Shi Huangdi never sleep in the same room for two consecutive nights?

Answer:

He feared that someone might assassinate him. Therefore, he avoided sleeping in the same room on consecutive nights to make it more difficult for an assassin to predict his location.

j. What are the everlasting marks of the Qin Dynasty?

Answer:

The major lasting contributions and marks of the Qin Dynasty include:

The Terracotta Army
Legalism
The Great Wall of China
The Grand Canal
Roads and other infrastructure

Critical Thinking

a. The Great Wall and the Taj Mahal are the creation of the autocratic rulers. Present your view for or against this statement.

Answer:

I agree that both structures were created under autocratic rulers. The Great Wall was strengthened and extended under Qin Shi Huangdi as part of his efforts to protect and consolidate his empire. Large numbers of workers were required for such massive construction projects.

Similarly, the Taj Mahal was commissioned by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. It was built as a monumental expression of his love and remembrance for Mumtaz Mahal.

These structures are admired today for their architectural and historical importance, but their construction also involved enormous labour and resources. Therefore, they can be viewed as important creations associated with powerful autocratic rulers while also remembering the people who actually built them.

b. How do you describe the pros and cons of feudalism?

Answer:

Pros of feudalism:

It provided protection during periods of conflict.
It created a system of political and military organization.
Lords provided land and protection to their followers.
It encouraged loyalty and military service.

Cons of feudalism:

It created strong class divisions.
Common people had limited freedom.
Peasants were dependent on powerful landowners.
Lords could exercise considerable power over weaker people.
Social mobility was restricted.

Therefore, although feudalism could provide security and organization, it also created inequality and dependence.

Writing

A. Write an email to your friend living abroad stating the contributions of Prithvi Narayan Shah in the unification of Nepal.

Dear Friend,

I would like to share some important information about the contributions of Prithvi Narayan Shah to the unification of Nepal.

Prithvi Narayan Shah played a major role in bringing several small and divided states together and establishing a unified Nepal. He conquered important areas, including the Kathmandu Valley, and continued the process of political unification.

His efforts helped create a stronger and more unified country. He also emphasized the importance of national independence and protecting Nepal from foreign influence.

Although the unification process involved warfare and political conflicts, his role in establishing the foundations of modern Nepal remains historically significant.

Best wishes,

Your Friend

B. Write a paragraph on each of the following political movements/events of Nepal.

1. Establishment of Democracy — 1951

Answer:

The establishment of democracy in 1951 ended the Rana regime and opened a new period in Nepal's political history. It created the foundation for greater political participation and representative government.

2. First General Election — 1959

Answer:

The first general election of 1959 was an important milestone in Nepal's democratic development. It allowed citizens to participate directly in choosing their representatives and led to the formation of an elected government.

3. Dismissal of Elected Government — 1960

Answer:

In 1960, King Mahendra dismissed the elected government and took direct control of political affairs. The parliamentary system was subsequently replaced by the Panchayat system.

4. National Referendum — 1980

Answer:

The national referendum of 1980 gave people an opportunity to choose between reforming the Panchayat system with a multiparty option and retaining the existing system. It demonstrated the continuing importance of democratic debate in Nepal.

5. People's Movement I — 1990

Answer:

The People's Movement of 1990 was a major democratic movement. It ended the Panchayat system and restored multiparty democracy and constitutional monarchy.

6. People's Movement II — 2006

Answer:

The People's Movement of 2006 was a major political movement that ended direct royal rule and opened the way for major political transformation. It contributed to Nepal's transition toward a federal democratic republic.

Grammar

Past Simple

B. Complete the texts with the correct past forms of the verbs.

Question:

The Maya ______ a very advanced civilisation in the jungles of the Yucatan. However, their culture ______ by the time Europeans first ______ in the New World.

(establish, disappear, arrive)

Answer:

The Maya established a very advanced civilisation in the jungles of the Yucatan. However, their culture disappeared by the time Europeans first arrived in the New World.

Question:

When I ______ on the radio yesterday, I ______ a song that ______ popular when I ______ at the basic level of my study. It ______ me back to some old memories.

(turn, hear, be, be, take)

Answer:

When I turned on the radio yesterday, I heard a song that was popular when I was at the basic level of my study. It took me back to some old memories.

Question:

I was looking for a job. I ______ for a job last week. Fortunately, I ______ it and now I am a job holder.

(apply, get)

Answer:

I was looking for a job. I applied for a job last week. Fortunately, I got it and now I am a job holder.

C. Choose the correct words and complete the sentences.

a. Newton ______ an apple falling from the tree.

Answer: Newton saw an apple falling from the tree.

b. Ramesh Bikal ______ many popular stories.

Answer: Ramesh Bikal wrote many popular stories.

c. My jacket is expensive. It ______ me Rs. 5000.

Answer: My jacket is expensive. It cost me Rs. 5000.

d. She ______ up early in the morning yesterday.

Answer: She got up early in the morning yesterday.

e. When I was small, my father ______ me at home.

Answer: When I was small, my father taught me at home.

f. Why did you ______ the cap away?

Answer: Why did you throw the cap away?

D. Put the verb into the correct form.

a. I went to see the film, but I ______ it. (not/enjoy)

Answer:

I went to see the film, but I did not enjoy it.

b. I ______ Rojina in town a few days ago. (meet)

Answer:

I met Rojina in town a few days ago.

c. It was very warm, so I ______ my coat. (take off)

Answer:

It was very warm, so I took off my coat.

d. Though the bed was very comfortable, I ______ very well. (not/sleep)

Answer:

Though the bed was very comfortable, I did not sleep very well.

e. I ______ a new job last week. (start)

Answer:

I started a new job last week.

f. He ______ too busy in the office yesterday. (be)

Answer:

He was too busy in the office yesterday.

g. Nita ______ her to the party, but she didn't come. (invite)

Answer:

Nita invited her to the party, but she didn't come.

Listening

The Third Eye

A. Look at the picture and answer the questions.

a. What do you see in the picture?

Answer:

I see a person with a symbol or mark on the forehead representing the third eye.

b. What do you see on the forehead?

Answer:

I see a third-eye symbol on the forehead.

c. What does it symbolise?

Answer:

It symbolises inner vision, spiritual awareness and a deeper understanding beyond ordinary physical sight.

B. Listen to the audio and write True or False.

a. The centre of the head is similar to the centre of the universe.

Answer: True

b. The secret symbol is inconsistent in different cultures and religions.

Answer: False

c. The third eye connects us to the great unknown force of the universe.

Answer: True

d. We are indirectly connected to extraterrestrial beings.

Answer: True

C. Listen to the audio again and answer the questions.

a. What is the shape of the centre in human beings?

Answer:

The centre is described as having a circular shape.

b. Where do we see the symbol of the third eye in Buddhism?

Answer:

The symbol of the third eye can be seen in Buddhist religious and cultural representations, particularly in images associated with spiritual insight and enlightenment.

c. What is a cosmic egg?

Answer:

A cosmic egg is a symbolic representation of the origin of the universe, describing the universe as emerging from an initial cosmic state.

d. What does the cosmic egg represent?

Answer:

The cosmic egg represents the origin, unity and creation of the universe.

D. Collect other information about the third eye and share it with your friends.

Answer:

The third eye is a symbolic concept found in several religious and philosophical traditions. It is commonly associated with inner awareness, wisdom, intuition and spiritual insight. In Hindu traditions it is often associated with the forehead and the Ajna chakra. Similar ideas of inner vision can also be found in other cultures.

Speaking

Travelling by Air

A. Read the following text loudly.

Question:

I'm Anupama. I travelled from Jumla to Surkhet by flight on June 5, 2019. It was my first flight experience. I reached the airport at 9:30 am. After some formal chit chat, I …

Answer:

This activity is primarily a reading-aloud and speaking practice, so the task is to read the passage clearly with appropriate pronunciation, stress and intonation.

Project Work

Compare the Qin Dynasty with the Rana Regime of Nepal.

Answer:

Qin Dynasty

Rana Regime

Ruled China from 221–206 BCE

Ruled Nepal from 1846–1951 AD

Highly centralized political system

Highly centralized Rana rule

Strong military organization

Strong control of administration and military

Legalism influenced government

Hereditary Rana rule dominated government

Major construction projects were undertaken

Major infrastructure and administrative developments occurred

Ordinary people had limited political freedom

Political participation was severely restricted

Education was controlled by the ruling system

Education was limited for the general population for much of the regime

Conclusion:

Both systems were highly centralized and authoritarian. They concentrated political power in the hands of a small ruling group and restricted the political participation of ordinary people. However, they existed in very different historical periods and social contexts.

UNIT 5: LIFE AND LOVE

Reading: The Looking Glass

Anton Chekhov

Before You Read

a. What do you think a looking glass is?

Answer:

A looking glass is a mirror, a polished surface in which a person can see their reflection.

b. Do you dream while you are asleep? Do dreams have meaning in real life?

Answer:

Yes, people often dream while they are asleep. Some dreams may reflect our thoughts, fears, wishes and experiences, although not every dream necessarily has a particular meaning in real life.

c. Do you believe in imagination or reality? Why?

Answer:

I believe in reality because real-life experiences require practical decisions and actions. However, imagination is also important because it helps us think creatively and develop new ideas.

Ways with Words

A. Match the words with their meanings.

Word

Meaning

a. exhausted

tired

b. apparent

clear

c. vista

vision

d. undulating

wavy

e. destined

predetermined

f. stuffy

suffocating, airless

g. restrain

prevent, hinder

B. Write the meaning and word class of the following words. Then use them in sentences of your own.

1. Implore

Meaning: To beg or plead with someone earnestly.

Word class: Verb

Sentence: She implored her parents to give her another chance.

2. Despair

Meaning: A feeling of complete loss of hope.

Word class: Noun

Sentence: The failure filled him with despair.

3. Beseech

Meaning: To ask someone urgently and sincerely.

Word class: Verb

Sentence: She beseeched the doctor to help her husband.

4. Eloquent

Meaning: Able to express ideas or feelings effectively.

Word class: Adjective

Sentence: Her speech was simple but eloquent.

5. Whirl

Meaning: To move rapidly around and around; a state of confusion.

Word class: Verb/Noun

Sentence: Many thoughts were whirling around in her mind.

6. Egoism

Meaning: Excessive concern with one's own importance or interests.

Word class: Noun

Sentence: His egoism prevented him from accepting other people's opinions.

7. Agony

Meaning: Extreme physical or emotional pain.

Word class: Noun

Sentence: The family was in agony after hearing the sad news.

8. Delirious

Meaning: Extremely excited or confused, often because of illness.

Word class: Adjective

Sentence: The patient became delirious because of the high fever.

9. Delusive

Meaning: Giving a false impression or creating an illusion.

Word class: Adjective

Sentence: His delusive hopes disappeared when he faced reality.

10. Compensate

Meaning: To make up for something lost or lacking.

Word class: Verb

Sentence: Nothing could compensate for the loss of her loved one.

11. Mortgage

Meaning: A legal agreement in which property is used as security for a loan.

Word class: Noun/Verb

Sentence: They took a mortgage to buy a house.

12. Brood

Meaning: To think deeply and unhappily about something.

Word class: Verb

Sentence: She continued to brood over her problems.

13. Prelude

Meaning: An event or action that happens before another important event.

Word class: Noun

Sentence: The small argument was a prelude to a larger disagreement.

C. Read the text and find words that are synonyms of the following.

a. Tired

Answer: Exhausted

b. Clear

Answer: Apparent

c. Vision

Answer: Vista

d. Wavy

Answer: Undulating

e. Predetermined

Answer: Destined

f. Suffocating

Answer: Stuffy

g. Prevent

Answer: Restrain

D. Choose the correct word.

a. Sarita was shocking/shocked to hear about the earthquake.

Answer: Sarita was shocked to hear about the earthquake.

b. I think that rainy days in winter are depressing/depressed.

Answer: I think that rainy days in winter are depressing.

c. The football match was very exciting/excited. I enjoyed it.

Answer: The football match was very exciting. I enjoyed it.

d. The meals at Delight Café are satisfying/satisfied.

Answer: The meals at Delight Café are satisfying.

e. I've got nothing to do. I'm boring/bored.

Answer: I've got nothing to do. I'm bored.

f. Tanka is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very amusing/amused.

Answer: Tanka is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very amusing.

g. The teacher's explanation was confusing/confused. Most of the students didn't understand it.

Answer: The teacher's explanation was confusing. Most of the students didn't understand it.

h. He is such a boring/bored person. He never wants to go out.

Answer: He is such a boring person. He never wants to go out.

i. I will be surprising/surprised if she does well in her test.

Answer: I will be surprised if she does well in her test.

j. Are you interesting/interested in politics?

Answer: Are you interested in politics?

E. Write the correct form of the adjective.

Question: They frustrate me but they don't bore me. I never get ______ when I study grammar.

Answer: bored

Question: If teachers want to interest the students, they must use ______ materials.

Answer: interesting

Question: Certain stories interest almost everybody. For example, most students are ______ in fairy tales.

Answer: interested

Question: Certain things frighten me, but I never get ______ when I speak English.

Answer: frightened

Question: If I get a good grade, that excites me. And if I get more than ninety percent, I am really ______.

Answer: excited

Comprehension

Answer the following questions.

a. Who was Nellie? What did she use to dream of?

Answer:

Nellie was the daughter of a landowner and general. She was a young and pretty girl who dreamed of getting married.

b. What was she doing with the looking glass?

Answer:

She was gazing into the looking glass with exhausted, half-closed eyes. She was looking at her reflection and imagining her future.

c. Why did she go to the doctor on one winter night?

Answer:

She went to the doctor because her husband was seriously ill and needed medical attention.

d. What was Stepan Lukitch doing when she reached his bedroom?

Answer:

Stepan Lukitch was lying on his bed when Nellie reached his bedroom. He was exhausted and ill.

e. Why was the doctor not ready to go to see her husband?

Answer:

The doctor was exhausted and ill himself. He had been attending typhus patients for the previous three days and was suffering from fever.

f. Why did Stepan Lukitch suggest Nellie to go to the Zemstvo doctor?

Answer:

Stepan Lukitch suggested that Nellie go to the Zemstvo doctor because he himself was too ill and exhausted to visit her husband.

g. Nellie said, “Come, perform that heroic deed! Have pity on us!” What was that pity to be done?

Answer:

She wanted the doctor to overcome his own illness and exhaustion and go to treat her seriously ill husband.

h. When Nellie said, “I must have fallen asleep.” What does it mean?

Answer:

It means that Nellie had been dreaming. She suddenly realized that the events she had experienced were part of her imagination rather than reality.

i. What is the main theme of the story?

Answer:

The main theme is the contrast between imagination and reality. The story also deals with love, loneliness, devotion, hope, fear, disappointment and the harsh realities of life.

Critical Thinking

a. “The looking glass (mirror)” is used as a symbol in the story. What does it symbolise?

Answer:

The looking glass symbolizes Nellie's imagination, dreams and desire for a romantic future. While looking into it, she escapes from her ordinary life and imagines her destined husband and future married life. It therefore represents the boundary between her dream world and reality.

b. Chekhov employs the magic trick in the story, using a very elegant transition from reality to imagination to reality sequence. Discuss its relevance to the life of young people.

Answer:

The transition from reality to imagination and back to reality shows how young people may create idealized dreams about their future. Nellie's imagination gives her temporary happiness and excitement, but the dream eventually brings her back to the difficulties of real life.

Young people naturally have hopes and dreams about love, career and their future. Imagination can motivate them, but they also need to understand reality and make practical decisions. The story therefore reminds us to balance dreams with reality.

Writing

Write a couple of paragraphs about an interesting dream that you have had.

I once had an interesting dream in which I was travelling to a beautiful place surrounded by green hills, rivers and colourful flowers. The sky was clear, and the weather was pleasant. I met many friendly people and visited places that I had never seen before. Everything seemed peaceful and perfect.

When I woke up, I realized that it had only been a dream. I felt both happy and surprised because the experience had seemed completely real. The dream made me think about the places I would like to visit and the experiences I would like to have in the future. It remains one of the most interesting dreams I can remember.

Grammar

Will and Be Going To

A. Look at the examples.

Example 1

Question: Gita is in hospital.

Answer: Oh, really? I'll go and visit her.

Here, will is used for a decision made at the moment of speaking.

Example 2

Question: Gita is in hospital.

Answer: Yes, I know. I'm going to visit her this evening.

Here, be going to is used for a plan that was already made before speaking.

B. Match the expressions with their functions.

Expression

Function

a. “What do you want to take?” — “I'll have tea, please.”

Deciding

b. “Are you free this evening?” — “No, I'm going to meet my uncle.”

Expressing a prior plan

c. “The day will be lovely tomorrow.”

Predicting a future action

d. “There is no cloud in the sky. It's going to be a lovely day.”

Predicting with evidence

e. “Don't worry. I won't tell anyone.”

Promising

f. “I'll take you to the movies if you like.”

Offering

g. “I'll tell your parents what you did.”

Threatening

C. Choose the correct answer.

a. Are you busy this evening?

Answer: Yes, I am going to the movies.

b. Where are you going for holiday this summer?

Answer: Not sure yet. Maybe I will go to Ilam.

c. I think you ______ like this movie.

Answer: will

d. I can't join you at the party. I ______ be away for two weeks.

Answer: am going to

e. This exercise looks really hard. I ______ help you.

Answer: will

f. Hello. Can I speak to Sima, please?

Answer: Just a minute. I will get her.

g. Perhaps she ______ pass the exam.

Answer: will

h. “I haven't got my phone.” “That's OK. I ______ lend you mine.”

Answer: will

D. Complete the sentences using will or be going to.

a. Hari: Did you call Bina?

Prem: Oh, I forgot. I ______ her now. (call)

Answer: I will call her now.

b. Sunita: Have you got a ticket for the play?

Hema: Yes, I ______ it on Saturday. (watch)

Answer: I am going to watch it on Saturday.

c. “The alarm is ringing. It's making an awful noise.”

“OK, I ______ it off.” (switch)

Answer: OK, I will switch it off.

d. Do you think they ______ the presents we got for them? (like)

Answer: Do you think they will like the presents we got for them?

e. “Lok is starting university tomorrow.”

“What ______?” (he/study)

Answer: What is he going to study?

f. If I meet him, I ______ him the news. (tell)

Answer: If I meet him, I will tell him the news.

g. The phone is ringing. I ______ it. (answer)

Answer: I will answer it.

h. If you don't stop bullying her, I ______ the teacher. (tell)

Answer: I will tell the teacher.

Speaking

Expressing Decisions, Intentions and Plans

C. Work in pairs. Talk about your decisions, intentions and plans on the following.

a. Making money

Sample Answer:

I am going to work hard and develop useful skills so that I can earn money in the future.

b. Next year

Sample Answer:

Next year, I am going to continue my studies and focus on improving my academic performance.

c. After your exam

Sample Answer:

After my exam, I will take some rest and then start preparing for the next stage of my studies.

d. Coming Saturday

Sample Answer:

This coming Saturday, I am going to spend some time with my family and complete my pending work.

e. Further study

Sample Answer:

I am going to continue my higher studies and choose a subject that will be useful for my future career.

UNIT 6: HEALTH AND EXERCISE

Reading: You May Scoff…

Who needs diets and exercise? There are plenty of other ways to stay slim.

Before You Read

a. Do you think that ‘eating less and moving more’ can be a good suggestion for health?

Answer:

Yes, eating a balanced amount of food and doing regular physical activity can be good for maintaining good health. However, health also depends on several other factors, such as sleep, stress, environment and lifestyle.

Reading: You May Scoff…

The reading discusses different factors that can contribute to obesity and suggests that maintaining a healthy body is not only about dieting and exercise. The article discusses factors such as infections, stress, temperature, food packaging, artificial light, air pollution and lack of sleep.

Ways with Words

A. Match the definitions with the corresponding words in bold type.

a. In spite of what has just been said or referred to

Answer: Nevertheless

b. A strong desire or impulse

Answer: Urge

c. The ability to continue trying to do something, although it is very difficult

Answer: Determination

d. To attract attention to or emphasize something important

Answer: Highlight

e. Arguing about things that are not important

Answer: Bickering

f. Not having things or conditions that are usually considered necessary

Answer: Deprived

g. Continue to exist

Answer: Persist

h. Soft loose flesh on a person's body

Answer: Flab

i. To improve or increase something

Answer: Boost

j. A limiting condition on something

Answer: Restriction

Make sentences of your own using the same words.

1. Nevertheless

Answer:

It was raining heavily; nevertheless, we continued our journey.

2. Urge

Answer:

I had a strong urge to help the injured person.

3. Determination

Answer:

Her determination helped her achieve her goal.

4. Highlight

Answer:

The teacher highlighted the importance of regular exercise.

5. Bickering

Answer:

Constant bickering can disturb the peace of a family.

6. Deprived

Answer:

Children deprived of proper nutrition may suffer from health problems.

7. Persist

Answer:

The effects of the problem may persist for several years.

8. Flab

Answer:

Regular physical activity can help reduce excess flab.

9. Boost

Answer:

Regular exercise can boost our energy and confidence.

10. Restriction

Answer:

The doctor advised him to follow a restriction on unhealthy food.

B. Word Formation

The words restriction and awareness are nouns formed using the suffixes -ion and -ness.

Words ending in -ion

Education
Information
Communication
Pollution
Protection
Prevention
Development
Determination
Examination
Celebration

Words ending in -ness

Happiness
Kindness
Darkness
Illness
Fitness
Weakness
Awareness
Freshness
Happiness
Sadness

C. Silent Letters

climb, dumb, doubt, comb, thumb, debt, lamb

The letter b is silent.

Wednesday, handsome, sandwich, handkerchief

The letter d is silent.

hour, honest, honour, heir, ghost, ghee, exhaust, exhibition

The letter h is silent in the relevant words such as hour, honest, honour, heir.

know, knee, knowledge, knit, knife

The letter k is silent.

column, autumn, condemn, hymn, damn

The letter n is silent.

receipt, cupboard, pneumonia, psychology

The letter p is silent.

Comprehension

A. Write whether the following statements are True, False or Not Given.

a. During the holidays people eat and drink more than usual.

Answer: True

b. Getting too little exercise and eating too much is the reason why people put on weight.

Answer: False

The text says that overeating and under-exercising can cause weight gain, but it also explains that other factors contribute to obesity.

c. David Allison’s research involved studying rats under laboratory conditions.

Answer: False

He studied various animals, including wild animals and laboratory animals.

d. You may need to go shopping for clothes if you come down with a cold.

Answer: True

The article humorously says that a common cold virus has been linked to obesity, so a person might need larger clothes.

e. Adenovirus-36 (AD-36) decreases the percentage of fat in the fat cells.

Answer: False

The article says that AD-36 increases both the number of fat cells and the amount of fat inside them.

f. Vaccination against infections could be used in the future to prevent obesity.

Answer: True

Dhurandhar suggests vaccination as a possible prevention strategy.

g. People under severe stress can experience breathing difficulties.

Answer: Not Given

The text discusses stress and its relationship with eating and weight, but it does not state this.

h. A study indicates that mice that have never been on a diet choose fatty food, when given a choice between high-calorie or low-calorie food products.

Answer: False

The text says that mice whose food had been restricted later chose more high-fat food.

i. Rajita Sinha has been studying the connection between brain activity and behaviour.

Answer: True

The article describes her brain-imaging research and its connection with behaviour and food cravings.

j. Specific hormones regulate our appetite.

Answer: True

The text mentions leptin and ghrelin, which influence appetite.

B. Answer the following questions.

a. In what sense are the holidays a time of excess? When can a person gain weight?

Answer:

The holidays are a time of excess because people tend to eat and drink more than usual and may exercise less. A person can gain weight when they consume more food and calories than their body uses, although the text explains that other factors can also contribute to obesity.

b. According to David Allison, which factor contributes to excess obesity?

Answer:

According to David Allison, factors other than overeating and lack of exercise may also contribute to obesity. His research found that humans and different kinds of animals were becoming heavier even under controlled conditions.

c. What, according to Dhurandhar, can be the way of preventing fatness?

Answer:

According to Dhurandhar, vaccination could potentially be used as a simple and effective way to prevent obesity if certain infections are shown to contribute to obesity.

d. What is the relationship between chill and obesity? How can saying ‘om’ help reduce fatness?

Answer:

Cold temperatures can cause the body to burn more energy because brown fat becomes active to produce heat. Saying “om” refers to mindfulness, meditation and stress reduction. These techniques can help people control stress-related cravings and unhealthy eating.

e. Why is it necessary to be careful while buying plastic-packaged fatty foods?

Answer:

Some plastic packaging and cans may contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as phthalates and bisphenol A. These chemicals may interfere with hormones and have been linked to obesity. Fatty foods may also accumulate these chemicals.

f. Why does Nelson suggest avoiding blue wavelengths of light at night?

Answer:

Nelson suggests avoiding blue wavelengths because they can disrupt the body's circadian system. Light exposure at night may also affect metabolism and contribute to weight gain.

g. How does breathing polluted air affect one’s fatness?

Answer:

Breathing polluted air may cause extra fat to accumulate around the abdomen and may reduce the body's sensitivity to insulin. This can increase the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

h. What is the link between sleep and weight?

Answer:

The text shows a relationship between insufficient sleep and obesity. People who sleep less may be more likely to become overweight or obese. Lack of sleep can affect hormones such as leptin and ghrelin, which regulate appetite.

Critical Thinking

a. What do you do to keep yourself fit? What food do you avoid and why?

Answer:

I keep myself fit by eating a balanced diet, drinking enough water, getting adequate sleep and doing regular physical activities such as walking and stretching. I avoid excessive junk food, sugary drinks and very oily foods because they may negatively affect my health when consumed too often.

b. Healthy citizens are the greatest asset of a country. How can a state help to make its citizens healthy?

Answer:

A state can make its citizens healthy by providing accessible healthcare, clean drinking water, sanitation and vaccination programmes. It should promote healthy food, physical activity and health education. It should also control pollution, improve public hospitals and create safe parks and recreational areas. Preventive healthcare and public awareness programmes can help citizens maintain healthy lifestyles.

Writing

A. Yoga can be good to stay physically and mentally healthy. Do you practise any yoga? Write an essay on the benefits of yoga.

Benefits of Yoga

Yoga is an ancient practice that helps people maintain physical and mental well-being. It combines physical postures, breathing exercises and meditation. Regular yoga can improve flexibility, balance and physical strength. It can also help people relax and manage everyday stress.

Yoga is useful for students as well as adults. It can improve concentration, promote relaxation and encourage a healthy lifestyle. Simple breathing and stretching exercises can be practised regularly without expensive equipment.

Therefore, yoga can be an effective way to maintain a healthy body and a peaceful mind. Everyone should try to include suitable physical activity and healthy habits in daily life.

B. How can a person be mentally healthy? Provide about ten tips to a person to stay mentally fresh and healthy.

Ten Tips for Staying Mentally Fresh and Healthy

Get enough sleep every night.
Eat a balanced and nutritious diet.
Do regular physical activity.
Spend time with family and friends.
Take regular breaks from study or work.
Practise relaxation or meditation.
Share problems with a trusted person.
Avoid unnecessary stress and negative thinking.
Spend some time outdoors and enjoy nature.
Develop positive hobbies and maintain a balanced daily routine.

A healthy mind and healthy body support each other. Therefore, we should develop healthy habits and take care of our mental well-being every day.

Grammar

Concord / Subject–Verb Agreement

A. Read the text and notice the subject–verb agreement.

Question

The human body is like a machine. All machines need fuel to give them energy. The fuel for the human body is food. Most of the energy comes from two substances in our food: carbohydrates and fats. Carbohydrates are found in food like potatoes, bread, rice, wheat, corn, etc. and sugar. Fats come from food like meat, oil, cheese and butter. All junk food contains lots of carbohydrates and fats. If you eat a lot of junk food, you will probably get fat and it may cause a lot of diseases.

Answer:

The verbs agree with their subjects in number and person. Singular subjects generally take singular verbs, while plural subjects take plural verbs.

B. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct verbs.

a. Everyone ______ problems in their life. Countries also ______ problems, and so ______ the world. One of the greatest problems ______ the growing population. The population in some countries ______ huge.

Answer:

Everyone has problems in their life. Countries also have problems, and so does the world. One of the greatest problems is the growing population. The population in some countries is huge.

b. A number of my friends ______ riding bicycles, but neither my brother nor my sister ______ a cycle. At 4 o’clock, either my mother or father ______ coming to pick me up in a car.

Answer:

A number of my friends love riding bicycles, but neither my brother nor my sister owns a cycle. At 4 o’clock, either my mother or father is coming to pick me up in a car.

c. The pair of shoes on the floor ______ mine. The shoes ______ made in China. The three thousand rupees I spent on them ______ worth it.

Answer:

The pair of shoes on the floor is mine. The shoes were made in China. The three thousand rupees I spent on them was worth it.

C. Are the following sentences correct? If not, correct them.

a. Every one of the workers receive the same benefits.

Answer:

❌ Incorrect

✅ Every one of the workers receives the same benefits.

b. There is two gerbils in my bathroom.

Answer:

❌ Incorrect

✅ There are two gerbils in my bathroom.

c. Both of my friends live in Kathmandu.

Answer:

✅ Correct

d. Scissors is used to have our hair cut.

Answer:

❌ Incorrect

✅ Scissors are used to have our hair cut.

e. You and your friends are welcome to join us.

Answer:

✅ Correct

f. Are the news on at five or six?

Answer:

❌ Incorrect

✅ Is the news on at five or six?

g. The man with all his children live in the city.

Answer:

❌ Incorrect

✅ The man with all his children lives in the city.

h. Mathematics are Prem's favourite subject, while Economics is Alina's favourite subject.

Answer:

❌ Incorrect

✅ Mathematics is Prem's favourite subject, while Economics is Alina's favourite subject.

Listening

A. Discuss these questions with your friends.

a. Do you do regular exercise? Why?

Answer:

Yes, I do regular exercise because it helps me stay active, improves my physical fitness and reduces stress.

b. What type of exercise do you prefer?

Answer:

I prefer walking, stretching and simple exercises because they are easy to practise regularly.

B. Listen to the recording and complete these sentences.

a. The man wants to try out for the company ______ team.

Answer: football

b. He was a ______ player during high school.

Answer: football

c. The woman suggested that her husband should cut back on the ______ foods.

Answer: fast

d. She also suggests him trying ______ to build up his cardiovascular system.

Answer: jogging

e. She wants to be ______ the man for a long time.

Answer: with

Speaking

Describing Places

A. Work in pairs. Take turns to describe the village in the given picture.

Sample Answer:

The village is peaceful and beautiful. There are green fields, trees and houses around the village. People appear to be living a simple lifestyle. The natural environment makes the village attractive and pleasant.

B. Describe a place that you have recently visited.

Recently, I visited a beautiful village with my family. The village was surrounded by green fields, trees and small hills. The environment was peaceful and clean. The people were friendly and welcoming. I enjoyed walking around the village and observing the simple lifestyle of the local people. The visit was enjoyable and memorable, and I would like to visit the place again.

Project Work

Research the benefits of healthy food items.

Berries

Rich in vitamins and antioxidants.
Can support general health.
Useful as part of a balanced diet.

Fruits

Provide vitamins, minerals and fibre.
Help maintain a balanced diet.
Provide natural sources of energy.

Vegetables

Rich in vitamins, minerals and fibre.
Support healthy digestion.
Help provide essential nutrients.

Grains

Provide carbohydrates and energy.
Whole grains are good sources of dietary fibre.
Can form an important part of a balanced diet.

Lentils

Good source of plant-based protein.
Provide fibre and minerals.
Can be included in many healthy meals.

Nuts

Provide protein and healthy fats.
Contain several important nutrients.
Can be eaten as part of a balanced diet.

Slogan:

“Eat Healthy, Stay Healthy.”

UNIT 7: ECOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT

Reading: Foresters without Diplomas

Wangari Maathai

BEFORE YOU READ

a. What are the children doing in the picture?

Answer:

The children are planting trees and taking part in an environmental activity.

b. Share a couple of things that you and your friends have done to preserve or protect the environment in your community.

Answer:

My friends and I have planted trees, cleaned public places, avoided unnecessary plastic use and encouraged people to keep our surroundings clean.

c. What does the title mean? Discuss with your friends.

Answer:

The title “Foresters without Diplomas” refers to the women who learned how to collect seeds, identify seedlings and plant trees without receiving formal education or professional diplomas in forestry. They became successful environmental workers through practical knowledge and common sense.

WAYS WITH WORDS

A. Match the words with their meanings.

Words

Meanings

a. constituency

iv. electoral district

b. pursue

iii. to follow in an effort to overtake or capture

c. infiltrate

v. to enter or gain access to an organization, place, etc. secretly and gradually

d. nomadic

ii. living the life of roaming

e. anatomy

vi. art of studying the different parts of any organized body

f. subversive

i. seeking or intended to overthrow an established system or institution

These are the matching items given in the Unit 7 textbook.

B. Prefixes

The text contains the word maldevelopment.

What does the prefix mal- mean?

Answer:

The prefix mal- gives a negative meaning and means bad, faulty or imperfect.

Examples:

maldevelopment — faulty or imperfect development
malfunction — failure to work properly
malpractice — improper or illegal professional behaviour

C. Make two other words by using each prefix given above and use them in sentences.

1. mal-

Words: malfunction, malpractice

Sentences:

The machine stopped because of a malfunction.
The doctor was accused of malpractice.

2. mis-

Words: misbehave, misfortune

Sentences:

Students should not misbehave in class.
He suffered a serious misfortune.

3. un-

Words: unhappy, unfair

Sentences:

She felt unhappy after hearing the news.
It is unfair to blame an innocent person.

4. in-

Words: inactive, incomplete

Sentences:

The machine remained inactive for several hours.
His assignment is incomplete.

5. pre-

Words: prepaid, preview

Sentences:

We bought a prepaid telephone card.
We watched a preview of the film.

6. il-

Words: illegal, illegible

Sentences:

It is illegal to destroy public property.
His handwriting was illegible.

7. dis-

Words: dishonest, disloyal

Sentences:

A dishonest person cannot easily gain people's trust.
He was punished for being disloyal to his country.

8. im-

Words: impolite, immoral

Sentences:

It is impolite to interrupt someone while speaking.
Stealing is considered immoral.

9. re-

Words: repay, reuse

Sentences:

I will repay the money tomorrow.
We should reuse plastic containers whenever possible.

10. ir-

Words: irregular, irresponsible

Sentences:

His attendance was irregular.
It is irresponsible to throw waste into rivers.

11. de-

Words: degrade, depart

Sentences:

Pollution can degrade the environment.
The bus will depart at seven o'clock.

12. non-

Words: nonprofit, nonstop

Sentences:

She works for a nonprofit organization.
The plane flew nonstop to its destination.

COMPREHENSION

Answer these questions.

a. What did Maathai decide to do for the community?

Answer:

Maathai decided to create jobs for poor people by having them clean their constituency, plant trees and shrubs, and clean the homes of richer people. Later, she developed the idea of planting trees with women in poor communities.

b. Mention the problems faced by women in Kenya.

Answer:

The women faced problems such as:

Lack of firewood
Malnutrition
Lack of food
Lack of adequate water
Unemployment
Soil erosion

c. Why did the speaker go to the women to talk about planting trees?

Answer:

She went to the women because women were most affected by environmental and social problems. They were concerned about their children and the future. Tree planting could help solve problems such as lack of firewood, building materials, fencing materials, soil erosion and water-system protection.

d. What is the most important achievement of the movement described in the text?

Answer:

The most important achievement was that the women became independent, knowledgeable and empowered. They learned techniques, taught one another and became capable of running tree nurseries. By 1988, about 10 million trees were surviving, and there were more than 1,500 tree nurseries, 99 percent of which were run by women.

e. Why were the foresters’ ways not helpful to the women for planting trees?

Answer:

The foresters made the process unnecessarily complicated because they relied on their formal training and complicated methods. The women found that they could plant trees successfully using simple methods, practical knowledge and common sense.

f. When and how did she start The Green Belt Movement?

Answer:

The Green Belt Movement began on World Environment Day, June 5, 1977, when the first seven trees were planted. The movement grew from Maathai's earlier idea of helping poor communities and from her work with the National Council of Women of Kenya.

g. Why do the donors want to provide money to the women?

Answer:

The donors provide money because the Green Belt Movement is producing successful environmental and social results. The movement is helping women become empowered while improving the environment through tree planting.

h. What happened when the speaker criticized the political leadership?

Answer:

When Maathai criticized the political leadership, she was portrayed as subversive. She felt constrained because the political system was not tolerant or encouraging enough.

i. Mention the agencies that supported her movement.

Answer:

The agencies and organizations mentioned in the text include:

United Nations Development Fund for Women
Danish Voluntary Fund
Norwegian Agency for International Development
African Development Foundation

She also received financial support from women around the world.

CRITICAL THINKING

a. Do you think that the title “Foresters without Diplomas” is suitable to the essay? How?

Answer:

Yes, the title is very suitable. The women in the Green Belt Movement became successful tree planters without receiving formal forestry diplomas. They learned to collect seeds, recognize seedlings and plant trees through observation, practice and common sense. The title therefore emphasizes that practical knowledge and determination can be as valuable as formal qualifications.

b. Can a person make a difference in a society? Discuss with an example from a person who has made a difference in your society.

Answer:

Yes, one person can make a significant difference in society. A person with determination, knowledge and a strong sense of responsibility can inspire others and create positive change. For example, a teacher who works hard to educate poor children can improve the lives of many students and inspire them to contribute to their community. Wangari Maathai herself is a strong example because her simple tree-planting idea developed into a major environmental and women's empowerment movement.

WRITING

A. Suppose you are MacDonald. Write a reply to Sandra Shaw.

Dear Mrs. Shaw,

Thank you for your letter. I am sorry to hear that you have been facing several problems with the flat.

I will come and inspect the flat as soon as possible. I agree that the armchairs and the dining table need attention, and I will arrange for them to be replaced if necessary.

I will also have the central heating checked and repaired. Regarding the windows, I will arrange for them to be inspected so that the problem can be solved. As for the kitchen, I am happy for you to paint it yourselves, and I will provide the necessary money for the paint.

I hope these arrangements will solve the problems. Please let me know if there is anything else that needs attention.

Yours sincerely,

MacDonald

B. Write an essay on “The Community Forest in Nepal.”

The Community Forest in Nepal

Community forests are an important part of environmental conservation in Nepal. They are managed by local communities, which take responsibility for protecting, developing and using forest resources in a sustainable way.

Community forests have helped control deforestation and protect natural resources. Local people plant trees, protect existing forests and control unnecessary cutting. These forests also help prevent soil erosion, conserve water sources and maintain biodiversity.

Community forestry has also improved the economic and social condition of local people. Forest products such as firewood, fodder and timber can be used according to community rules. The programmes have also encouraged local participation and created awareness about environmental protection.

Therefore, community forests have made an important contribution to maintaining ecological balance in Nepal. If local communities continue to protect and manage forests responsibly, they can help create a greener and healthier environment for future generations.

GRAMMAR

Transitive, Intransitive and Linking Verbs

B. What is the difference among transitive, intransitive and linking verbs? Give examples of each.

Answer:

1. Transitive Verb

A transitive verb needs an object to complete its meaning.

Example:

She drinks milk.

Here, drinks is a transitive verb and milk is its object.

2. Intransitive Verb

An intransitive verb does not require an object to complete its meaning.

Example:

The baby cried.

Here, cried is an intransitive verb.

3. Linking Verb

A linking verb connects the subject with a word or phrase that describes or identifies the subject.

Example:

She is happy.

Here, is is a linking verb because it connects she with happy.

C. Underline the verb in each sentence and write whether it is transitive, intransitive or linking.

a. His father looks handsome.

Answer: looks — Linking verb

b. Bhawana drinks milk every day.

Answer: drinks — Transitive verb

c. He became a watchman.

Answer: became — Linking verb

d. This bread smells good.

Answer: smells — Linking verb

e. The dog barked loudly.

Answer: barked — Intransitive verb

f. He chased the dog.

Answer: chased — Transitive verb

g. My sister swims fast.

Answer: swims — Intransitive verb

h. He painted a picture.

Answer: painted — Transitive verb

i. Radhika always asks questions.

Answer: asks — Transitive verb

j. Anjana has a long hair.

Answer: has — Transitive verb

The Unit 7 grammar section specifically introduces these three categories and gives these ten sentences for classification.

LISTENING

Environmental Governance

A. Look at the picture and answer these questions.

a. What are they talking about?

Answer:

They are talking about environmental issues and environmental governance.

b. What types of television programmes do you prefer?

Answer:

I prefer educational, documentary, news and informative programmes because they increase my knowledge and awareness.

c. What do you know about climate change?

Answer:

Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns. Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, have contributed significantly to current climate change.

d. What are the reasons for climate change?

Answer:

Major causes include the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial activities, transportation and other human activities that increase greenhouse-gas emissions.

B. Listen to an interview about environmental governance and state whether the following statements are True or False.

The textbook gives these statements for the audio-based listening activity.

a. Maria Ivanova is a professor of the University of Massachusetts.

Answer: True

b. Environmental governance is the design and execution of the policy related to the environment.

Answer: True

c. For Maria, climate change is a separate issue.

Answer: False

d. There is a nexus among the various organizations and institutions.

Answer: True

e. The issues of climate change should be brought down to the classrooms.

Answer: True

C. Answer the following questions.

a. What is Maria Ivanova's working field?

Answer:

Maria Ivanova works in the field of environmental governance.

b. What is the global problem for today, according to Maria?

Answer:

According to Maria, climate change and environmental problems are major global concerns.

c. What is Maria's dissatisfaction about the efforts towards the environmental issues?

Answer:

She is dissatisfied with the lack of adequate coordination and connection among different organizations and institutions dealing with environmental problems.

d. What is the best way forward to address the governance and climate change issues?

Answer:

The best way forward is to improve cooperation and coordination among organizations, institutions and governments and to educate people about environmental issues, including bringing environmental concerns into classrooms.

Note: These listening answers depend on the accompanying audio recording. The uploaded PDF contains the questions but not the audio itself, so audio-specific wording should be checked against the official recording if exact transcription-level accuracy is required.

D. Maria Ivanova is advocating for the education of environmental issues. Why is she doing this?

Answer:

She believes environmental education can create awareness among students and future citizens. Educating people about climate change and environmental problems can encourage responsible behaviour and help develop solutions to environmental challenges.

SPEAKING

Asking about Opinions / Giving Opinions

A. Expressions for asking about opinions

Question: What do you think?

Answer: I think/reckon...

Question: What's your view?

Answer: In my opinion/In my view...

Question: How do you see the situation?

Answer: I feel that...

Question: What's your opinion?

Answer: As far as I'm concerned...

Question: Do you think that...?

Answer: From my point of view...

Question: Would you agree with me that...?

Answer: Well, I reckon that...

Question: Don't you think that...?

Answer: I believe that...

Question: What's your opinion?

Answer: Personally speaking, I believe/think...

Question: What do you think about it?

Answer: As for me, I reckon...

The textbook provides these expressions for asking for and giving opinions.

B. Work in pairs. Ask about and give opinions on the following topics.

a. Educating girls

Question: What do you think about educating girls?

Answer: In my opinion, educating girls is essential for the development of a family, community and country.

b. Following foreign traditions

Question: What's your view on following foreign traditions?

Answer: I think we can learn from foreign traditions, but we should also respect and preserve our own culture.

c. Worshipping God

Question: What do you think about worshipping God?

Answer: Personally, I believe that people should be free to follow their own religious beliefs.

d. Depending on foreign aid

Question: What's your opinion about depending on foreign aid?

Answer: As far as I'm concerned, foreign aid can help development, but a country should gradually become self-reliant.

e. Cheating in exams

Question: What do you think about cheating in exams?

Answer: I think cheating is wrong because it is dishonest and prevents students from developing their real knowledge and abilities.

f. Learning English

Question: What's your view on learning English?

Answer: In my view, learning English is useful because it provides access to international communication, education and information.

g. Speaking several languages

Question: Do you think speaking several languages is useful?

Answer: Yes. I believe speaking several languages improves communication and helps us understand different cultures.

h. Engaging in corruption

Question: What's your opinion about corruption?

Answer: In my opinion, corruption is harmful to society because it weakens institutions and prevents fair development.

i. Brain drain

Question: What do you think about brain drain?

Answer: I think brain drain can slow national development because skilled people leave their country. Creating better opportunities at home can help reduce it.

j. Being drunkards

Question: What's your view on drinking excessively?

Answer: I believe excessive drinking can harm individuals, families and society, so people should avoid harmful drinking habits.

PROJECT WORK

a. Imagine that you are the chief guest of a programme organized by a local government on the occasion of Environment Day. Write a 10-minute speech and deliver it to the class.

Speech on Environment Day

Respected Chairperson, distinguished guests, teachers, students and dear friends,

Good morning to everyone.

It is a great pleasure and honour to be present here on the occasion of Environment Day. Today is an opportunity for all of us to think about the environment and our responsibility towards protecting it.

The environment provides us with everything necessary for life: clean air, water, food, forests and natural resources. However, human activities have placed increasing pressure on our environment. Deforestation, pollution, unmanaged waste, loss of biodiversity and climate change are serious challenges.

We cannot protect the environment only through speeches and campaigns. We need practical action. We should plant and protect trees, reduce unnecessary plastic use, manage waste properly, conserve water and keep our surroundings clean.

Our community forests show us how local people can work together to protect natural resources. When communities participate in environmental conservation, they become responsible for the future of their own surroundings.

Students also have an important role. Every student can plant a tree, avoid littering, save water, use resources carefully and encourage friends and family to adopt environmentally friendly habits.

We should remember that environmental protection is not the responsibility of only the government or environmental organizations. It is everyone's responsibility. Government institutions, schools, communities and individuals must work together.

Let us make a commitment today: we will protect our forests, conserve water, reduce pollution and keep our communities clean. Let us leave a healthier and greener Nepal for future generations.

Finally, I would like to say that even a small action can make a difference when millions of people act together.

Thank you very much.

Have a wonderful Environment Day.

b. Identify a person from your community who has worked on environmental protection. Write a story incorporating the efforts he/she made to change things and attitudes of people.

A Local Environmental Protector

There is a person in my community who has worked continuously to protect the local environment. At first, the community had problems with unmanaged waste, unnecessary cutting of trees and a lack of awareness about environmental protection.

The person began by organizing local people and encouraging them to clean public places and plant trees. At first, only a few people participated. However, the continued effort gradually attracted more members of the community.

The person also visited schools and talked to students about keeping the environment clean, protecting trees and reducing plastic waste. Slowly, people's attitudes began to change. More people started participating in cleaning campaigns and caring for newly planted trees.

This experience shows that one determined person can inspire an entire community. Environmental protection becomes much more successful when people work together and understand that they are responsible for protecting their own surroundings.

UNIT 8: HUMOUR AND SATIRE

Reading: A Few Kind Words for Superstition

Robertson Davies

BEFORE YOU READ

a. What do you see in the picture? What's your quick response to this situation?

Answer:

I see a black cat crossing the road. Some people consider this unlucky, but I do not think that seeing a black cat necessarily brings bad luck.

b. What is superstition? Do you think luck has a role in your life?

Answer:

Superstition is a belief that certain events, objects or actions can bring good or bad luck without having a scientific basis. I think luck may sometimes influence circumstances, but success mainly depends on hard work, preparation and good decisions.

READING

A Few Kind Words for Superstition

The essay discusses superstition and argues that although many educated people claim not to be superstitious, superstitious beliefs and practices still exist in modern society. The author presents several forms of superstition and examines their connection with human behaviour, religion and the desire to know the future.

WAYS WITH WORDS

A. Match the following.

Words

Meanings

a. transcendental

iv. spiritual, nonphysical or mystical

b. deplore

i. to feel or express strong disapproval of something

c. absolve

vi. set free from blame, guilt, or responsibility; release

d. jiju

ii. a charm or fetish used by some West African peoples

e. crude

iii. natural state

f. chronicle

v. a written record of historical events

B. Find the contextual meanings of the following words from the text and then use them in sentences of your own.

1. Condemn

Meaning: To strongly criticize or express disapproval.

Sentence:

The teacher condemned cheating in examinations.

2. Terror

Meaning: Extreme fear.

Sentence:

The sudden earthquake filled the people with terror.

3. Unbidden

Meaning: Without being invited or asked.

Sentence:

An unbidden thought came into her mind.

4. Persist

Meaning: To continue to exist or continue doing something despite difficulty.

Sentence:

If we persist in our efforts, we will eventually succeed.

5. Devout

Meaning: Deeply religious or devoted to religious beliefs.

Sentence:

She is a devout follower of her religion.

6. Banish

Meaning: To send away or get rid of something.

Sentence:

The government tried to banish corruption from public institutions.

7. Creed

Meaning: A set of beliefs or principles.

Sentence:

Honesty is an important part of his personal creed.

8. Hasten

Meaning: To make something happen sooner or to move quickly.

Sentence:

We should hasten our efforts to protect the environment.

9. Sober

Meaning: Serious and thoughtful; not drunk.

Sentence:

He gave a sober assessment of the situation.

10. Scorn

Meaning: Strong feeling of disrespect or contempt.

Sentence:

She treated the dishonest behaviour with scorn.

11. Yearning

Meaning: A strong desire or longing.

Sentence:

He had a deep yearning to visit his homeland.

12. Aloof

Meaning: Distant or not friendly.

Sentence:

The new student seemed aloof at first.

13. Swarthy

Meaning: Having a dark complexion.

Sentence:

The story described a swarthy traveller.

14. Humble

Meaning: Not proud or arrogant.

Sentence:

Despite his success, he remained humble.

15. Harassed

Meaning: Troubled or repeatedly disturbed.

Sentence:

The villagers were harassed by frequent problems.

C. One of the ways to understand words is through the origin of the word.

Question:

Trace the origins of each of the following words by finding such explanations in a dictionary or the Internet.

Answer:

Word

Origin / Meaning

Expand

From Latin expandere, meaning to spread out

Derive

From Latin derivare, meaning to draw off

Elaborate

From Latin elaborare, meaning to work out

Disseminate

From Latin disseminare, meaning to scatter

Placed

From Latin placere, meaning to please

Faced

From Latin facies, meaning face

Interlaced

From Latin roots meaning to intertwine

Proliferated

From Latin proles + ferre, meaning to produce offspring

The textbook asks students to trace the origins and then make sentences using each word.

D. List any five words found in an English dictionary beginning with the prefix “super-”.

Answer:

Superhuman
Supernatural
Superpower
Supermarket
Superstar

Common meaning of super-

The prefix super- generally means above, beyond, greater than or extremely.

COMPREHENSION

Answer these questions.

a. According to the author, what are the four types of superstition?

Answer:

According to the author, the four types of superstition are:

Divination
Consulting oracles
Rituals and practices related to luck
Worship of the True God

The author explains different forms of superstition, including attempts to know the future, seeking supernatural guidance and practices connected with luck and religious belief.

b. Which language is the word ‘superstition’ derived from? What does it mean?

Answer:

The word “superstition” is derived from Latin. It is associated with the idea of standing in awe or fear and refers to beliefs or practices based on supernatural ideas rather than reason or scientific evidence.

c. How do psychologists understand superstition?

Answer:

Psychologists understand superstition as a form of human behaviour arising from the desire to understand and control uncertain events. People may develop superstitious beliefs when they feel uncertain, anxious or unable to control circumstances.

d. How does superstition differ from religion?

Answer:

Superstition is generally based on beliefs about luck, supernatural forces or mysterious connections between events. Religion, on the other hand, involves organized beliefs, faith, worship and religious practices. However, the author suggests that superstition can sometimes become connected with religious practices.

e. What is the belief of some people in the Middle Europe about sneezing?

Answer:

Some people in Middle Europe believe that sneezing has a connection with good or bad fortune. The belief is associated with the idea that a person should say a particular blessing or expression after someone sneezes.

f. In the author's view, why are people so happy about superstition?

Answer:

In the author's view, people are attracted to superstition because they have a natural desire to know what will happen in the future and to gain some control over uncertain events. Superstitions can provide psychological comfort and a sense of security.

CRITICAL THINKING

a. What is the key takeaway of this essay? Do you think that this essay is satirical? Why?

Answer:

The key takeaway is that superstition is deeply rooted in human behaviour and continues to exist even among educated and modern people. People often claim to reject superstition, yet they may still follow certain superstitious practices.

Yes, the essay is satirical because the author discusses superstition in a humorous and ironic way. He exposes the contradiction between people's rational claims and their continued belief in superstitious practices.

b. Can education bring change in the belief of superstition? Present your arguments to support your answer.

Answer:

Yes, education can help reduce superstitious beliefs. Education teaches people to question assumptions, examine evidence and understand natural causes scientifically. However, education alone may not completely eliminate superstition because cultural traditions, fear and social practices can continue to influence people's beliefs.

Therefore, scientific education combined with awareness and critical thinking can help people distinguish between facts and unfounded beliefs.

WRITING

a. Write an essay on superstitions that exist in your community in about 250 words.

Superstitions in Our Community

Superstitions are common in many communities. They are traditional beliefs that are often passed from one generation to another without scientific evidence. Some people believe that certain events, objects or actions can bring good or bad luck.

In our community, some people believe that seeing certain animals or hearing particular sounds can be unlucky. Some people avoid starting important work on certain days or times because they believe that it may bring bad luck. Others believe that certain religious or traditional practices can protect them from misfortune. Some people also believe that particular signs or dreams can predict future events.

Many of these beliefs are deeply connected with culture and tradition. Older people sometimes teach these practices to younger generations because they themselves learned them from their parents and grandparents.

However, we should not accept every belief without questioning it. Education and scientific awareness can help us understand whether a belief has a logical or scientific basis. At the same time, we should respect cultural traditions as long as they do not harm people or prevent them from making sensible decisions.

Superstitions may provide psychological comfort to some people, but they should not control our lives. We should develop critical thinking and make important decisions based on evidence, knowledge and reason.

b. “Superstition is prevalent in every walk of life.” Argue for or against this statement.

Answer:

In favour of the statement

Superstition is found in many areas of human life. People may have superstitious beliefs about health, marriage, education, travel, business, religion and daily activities. Even educated people sometimes follow certain practices because of family traditions or social pressure.

For example, some people believe that certain days are lucky or unlucky for beginning important work. Others believe that particular signs, dreams or objects can predict future events. These examples show that superstition can influence people's decisions in many different areas of life.

Therefore, it can be argued that superstition is prevalent in almost every walk of life. Education and scientific awareness are necessary to help people distinguish between cultural traditions and beliefs that have no rational basis.

GRAMMAR

Present Simple or Present Continuous/Progressive

A. Study the following examples of present simple and present continuous.

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Water boils at 100°Celsius.

The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?

Jenisha lives in Jumla.

Jenisha is living in Tokyo for a few months.

I drink coffee every morning.

I am drinking too much coffee these days because I'm so busy at work.

He always tells lies.

You are always telling lies.

My plane leaves at six this evening.

I'm leaving for Pokhara tomorrow.

I know that man.

I am reading a novel by Paulo Coelho.

At the end of the story, the protagonist catches the killer.

In this photo, my mother is wearing a blue sari.

B. Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or present continuous.

a. Nisha ______ (speak) English very well.

Answer: Nisha speaks English very well.

b. Hurry up! We ______ (wait) for you.

Answer: Hurry up! We are waiting for you.

c. Excuse me! ______ you ______ (speak) English?

Answer: Excuse me! Do you speak English?

d. She ______ (have) a shower in her bathroom.

Answer: She is having a shower in her bathroom.

e. How often ______ you ______ (read) a newspaper?

Answer: How often do you read a newspaper?

f. I'm sorry, I ______ (not understand). Can you speak more slowly?

Answer: I'm sorry, I don't understand. Can you speak more slowly?

g. You can turn off the radio. I ______ (not listen) to it.

Answer: You can turn off the radio. I am not listening to it.

h. I usually ______ (get up) at 5 o'clock every morning.

Answer: I usually get up at 5 o'clock every morning.

i. Look! The river ______ (flow) very fast.

Answer: Look! The river is flowing very fast.

j. Amrita ______ (not seem) very happy at the moment.

Answer: Amrita does not seem very happy at the moment.

C. Are the underlined verbs in the correct form? Correct them where necessary.

a. Water boils at 100°C.

Answer: Correct.

b. The water boils. Can you turn it off?

Answer: Incorrect.

The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?

c. I must go now. It gets late.

Answer: Incorrect.

I must go now. It is getting late.

d. This sauce's tasting really good.

Answer: Incorrect.

This sauce tastes really good.

e. I'm thinking this is your key.

Answer: Incorrect.

I think this is your key.

f. Are you believing in God?

Answer: Incorrect.

Do you believe in God?

g. I usually go to school on foot.

Answer: Correct.

h. Look! That man tries to open the door of her car.

Answer: Incorrect.

Look! That man is trying to open the door of her car.

i. The moon is going round the earth.

Answer: Correct.

j. I'm getting hungry. Let's go and eat.

Answer: Correct.

LISTENING

A. Look at this picture and answer these questions.

a. What do you see in the picture? Name them.

Answer:

I see an emergency kit containing items such as a first-aid box, medicines, a torch, batteries and other emergency supplies.

b. When do you need them?

Answer:

We need them during emergencies such as natural disasters, accidents, power failures and other unexpected situations.

c. Why do you need them?

Answer:

We need them to provide basic help, safety and necessary supplies during an emergency.

d. Do you have these things at your home?

Answer:

Yes, we should keep basic emergency supplies such as a first-aid kit, torch, batteries, clean water and essential food at home.

B. Listen to the recording and choose the correct alternative.

a. Which of the following did the man mention as an emergency?

i. Tornado

ii. Power failure

iii. Tsunami

Answer: ii. Power failure

b. Why do you need a water filter?

i. Bacteria in water can cause serious illness.

ii. Having a water filter helps you store your water.

iii. The source of water can be infested.

Answer: i. Bacteria in water can cause serious illness.

c. What type of food does the man want to keep in the kits?

i. food that requires preparation

ii. canned food

iii. light and handy food

Answer: iii. light and handy food

d. According to Lisa, what is her image of an emergency shelter?

i. A place that lacks adequate food and water

ii. Where people work together under difficult conditions

iii. A place that is very overcrowded and dirty

Answer: ii. Where people work together under difficult conditions

e. How can we communicate with family members in an emergency?

i. Depend on cell phones.

ii. Use fire.

iii. Use two-way radios.

Answer: iii. Use two-way radios.

f. What should people with small children do?

i. Pack plenty of chocolates.

ii. Carry their favourite toys.

iii. Be prepared with basic art supplies.

Answer: ii. Carry their favourite toys.

C. Did you find this recording useful for you? Present your logics for or against the topic.

Answer:

Yes, I found the recording useful because it provides practical information about preparing for emergencies. It explains the importance of keeping essential supplies, safe drinking water, suitable food and communication equipment ready. Such preparation can help people respond more effectively during emergencies.

SPEAKING

Suggesting and Advising

A. Look at the following conversations and act out.

Conversation 1

Question: I've got a toothache. What should I do?

Answer: You should go to the dentist.

Conversation 2

Question: Shall I take an umbrella?

Answer: Yes, you'd better. It might rain.

B. Study these expressions of giving advice.

Expressions:

You should stay at home.
Why don't you stay in bed?
You ought to put on your glasses.
You'd better invite her to your birthday party.
If I were you, I'd ask her.
It'd be a good idea to use a pencil.

These expressions are used to give advice or make suggestions.

C. What would you suggest to your friends in the following situations?

a. Your friend lost his/her pen.

Answer:

If I were you, I'd look for it carefully. You could also ask your classmates whether they have seen it.

b. Ramila is weak in Mathematics.

Answer:

You should practise Mathematics regularly and ask your teacher for help.

c. Pardi has a headache.

Answer:

She should take some rest and, if necessary, consult a doctor.

d. Your friend is getting fat.

Answer:

You should maintain a balanced diet and take regular physical exercise.

e. Mukesh wants to dance but he can't.

Answer:

You should practise regularly and join a dance class if possible.

D. What would you advise to Muna in the following situations?

Example:

Muna: I'm sleepy.

You: You should/ought to drink a cup of tea.

a. I'm hungry.

Answer:

You should eat something healthy.

b. I'm cold.

Answer:

You should wear warm clothes.

c. I can't control my temper.

Answer:

You should try to stay calm and take some deep breaths.

d. I have hiccups.

Answer:

You should drink some water slowly.

e. I can't get to sleep at night.

Answer:

You should relax before going to bed and avoid using your phone late at night.

PROJECT WORK

Question:

Interview some people in your locality. Ask them what kind of superstitions they grew up with. Ask everyone whether they believe in those superstitions at present or not. Prepare a news article including their responses.

Answer:

Superstitions Still Found in Our Community

By: Student Reporter

Superstitions are still found in many communities. To understand people's beliefs, I interviewed several people in my locality about the superstitions they grew up with.

An elderly person said that people in his childhood believed that certain signs could bring bad luck. He explained that many people avoided starting important activities at particular times because they feared something bad might happen.

Another person said that some people in the community believed that seeing certain animals or hearing particular sounds could be a sign of good or bad fortune. However, she said that she no longer strongly believes in these ideas because education has changed her way of thinking.

A young person said that his grandparents still follow some traditional practices, although he personally prefers to rely on reason and evidence. Another interviewee said that cultural traditions should be respected, but people should not allow superstition to control important decisions.

The interviews showed that superstitious beliefs continue to exist, particularly among older generations. However, education, scientific awareness and critical thinking are gradually changing people's attitudes toward superstition.

UNIT 9: DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Reading: Inauguration Speech of Nelson Mandela

BEFORE YOU READ

a. Work in pairs. Look at the photos and share what you know about them.

Answer:

The first photograph is of Martin Luther King Jr., an important American civil-rights leader who fought against racial discrimination and segregation. The second photograph is of Nelson Mandela, the first Black President of South Africa and a major leader in the struggle against apartheid.

b. What do these individuals share in common?

Answer:

Both Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela fought against racial discrimination and injustice. They promoted equality, human rights, freedom and peaceful social change.

READING

Inauguration Speech of Nelson Mandela

Short Biography

Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, and died on December 5, 2013. He was a Black nationalist and became the first Black president of South Africa. He fought against apartheid, a system that enforced racial discrimination and segregation. He was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment, but continued his struggle for freedom and equality. He was released from prison in 1990 and continued working for democracy and peace. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 and became President of South Africa after the 1994 election.

WAYS WITH WORDS

A. Find the words in the text that mean the same as the following.

a. The system that completely separated Black people from white people

Answer: Apartheid

b. Formal objection

Answer: Protest

c. An ethnic group of people

Answer: Tribe

d. An act undertaken to achieve a set goal

Answer: Campaign

e. The formal beginning of any movement

Answer: Inauguration

f. A strong feeling of excitement and happiness

Answer: Exhilaration

g. Being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions

Answer: Emancipation

B. Find these words in a dictionary and write their meanings as they are used in the text.

1. Liberty

Answer: Freedom from oppression or unreasonable restrictions.

2. Conflict

Answer: A serious disagreement or struggle between people or groups.

3. Ideology

Answer: A system of ideas or beliefs, especially those forming the basis of political or social action.

4. Oppression

Answer: Cruel or unfair treatment of people, especially by those with power.

5. Privilege

Answer: A special right or advantage given to a person or group.

6. Dignity

Answer: The quality of being worthy of respect.

7. Surrender

Answer: To give up or stop resisting.

8. Reconciliation

Answer: The restoration of friendly relations after disagreement or conflict.

C. The -ed ending in the following verbs has different pronunciations.

Put these verbs in the correct box.

asked, killed, missed, ended, decided, washed, visited, lasted, watched, picked, fixed, walked, blessed, brushed, stopped, wanted, reached, laughed, enjoyed

/t/

asked
missed
washed
lasted
watched
picked
fixed
walked
brushed
stopped
reached
laughed

/d/

killed
blessed
enjoyed

/ɪd/

ended
decided
visited
wanted

D. Put these nouns in the correct box according to the pronunciation of the plural suffix.

Words:

cats, dogs, horses, houses, books, roofs, boys, rooms, girls, noises, shops, trees, pages, babies, benches, classes

/s/

cats
books
roofs
shops

/z/

dogs
boys
rooms
girls
trees
pages
babies

/ɪz/

horses
houses
noises
benches
classes

COMPREHENSION

Answer these questions.

a. What were the restrictions imposed on the Blacks in South Africa?

Answer:

Black people in South Africa were subjected to racial segregation and discrimination under apartheid. They were denied equal political, social and economic rights and were separated from white people. Their freedom and opportunities were severely restricted.

b. Why was Mandela arrested?

Answer:

Mandela was arrested because of his involvement in the struggle against the apartheid policies of the ruling National Party. He and other African National Congress leaders organized strikes and several protests. He was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to life imprisonment.

c. How did he describe racism and racial oppression?

Answer:

Mandela described racism and racial oppression as a terrible system that denied people their basic human dignity and freedom. He emphasized that racial discrimination had caused great suffering and that South Africa needed to overcome it.

d. Why did he thank all the international guests?

Answer:

He thanked the international guests for coming to participate in the historic inauguration and for sharing in South Africa's victory for justice, peace and human dignity.

e. Why did he think that people in his country had achieved political emancipation?

Answer:

He believed they had achieved political emancipation because South Africa had held a national election open to all South Africans, and the people had established a democratic, non-racial and non-sexist government.

f. What is the main point of Mandela's speech?

Answer:

The main point of Mandela's speech is that South Africa had overcome apartheid and achieved political freedom. He called upon the people to work together for peace, reconciliation, prosperity, democracy and national unity. He also emphasized that no person should suffer discrimination or oppression.

CRITICAL THINKING

a. What does Mandela mean when he says “a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world”?

Answer:

By “a rainbow nation,” Mandela means a South Africa where people of different races, cultures and backgrounds live together equally and peacefully. “At peace with itself and the world” means that the country should overcome racial conflict and establish peaceful relationships both within the country and with other nations.

b. Mandela should have avenged those who imprisoned him for such a long period. Instead, he followed the path of reconciliation. Why do you think he did so?

Answer:

Mandela chose reconciliation because revenge would have created further conflict and suffering. He wanted to build a peaceful and democratic South Africa where people could live together regardless of race. Forgiveness and reconciliation were therefore more useful for national unity and long-term peace than revenge.

c. Why and how have societies struggled with segregation in the world? Do you find any evidence of segregation in your society? Discuss.

Answer:

Societies have struggled with segregation because of differences in race, caste, religion, ethnicity, gender, wealth and social status. Discrimination often develops when one group considers itself superior to another.

In our society, some forms of social discrimination and unequal treatment may still exist. Examples can include discrimination based on caste, economic condition, gender or social background. Education, awareness, equal opportunities and strong laws can help reduce such discrimination.

WRITING

a. Nepal has topsy-turvy political history. Many changes have been observed in different times. Write a short biography of any Nepali freedom fighter incorporating the changes he/she has brought under his/her leadership.

Answer:

Short Biography of B. P. Koirala

Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, popularly known as B. P. Koirala, was a major democratic leader of Nepal. He was born in 1914 and became one of the leading figures in Nepal's struggle for democracy.

He played an important role in the movement against the Rana regime and worked for democratic rights and political freedom. After the establishment of democracy in 1951, he continued his political activities and became the first elected Prime Minister of Nepal in 1959.

During his political career, he promoted democratic values, national development and people's participation in government. His government was dissolved in 1960, and he was imprisoned and later lived in exile.

Despite difficulties, B. P. Koirala continued to advocate democracy and reconciliation. His contribution remains important in the political history of Nepal.

b. Do you think there is racial/caste-related discrimination in our country? Discuss with your friend and write a five-minute speech.

Answer:

Speech on Racial and Caste Discrimination

Respected teacher and dear friends,

Good morning to everyone.

Today I would like to speak about racial and caste-related discrimination in our country.

Nepal is a country of many cultures, languages, ethnic groups and communities. This diversity is one of our greatest strengths. However, discrimination based on caste, ethnicity, gender and social or economic status can still affect people in different parts of society.

Discrimination is unfair because every human being deserves equal dignity, rights and opportunities. A person's caste or background should never determine their value or their opportunity to study, work or participate in society.

We can reduce discrimination through education, awareness, equal opportunities and the effective implementation of laws. Families, schools, communities and government institutions all have important roles to play.

We should learn from leaders such as Nelson Mandela, who chose reconciliation and equality instead of revenge. We too should respect every individual and reject hatred and discrimination.

Let us build a society where everyone is treated equally and where diversity is celebrated rather than used as a reason for discrimination.

Thank you.

GRAMMAR

Should and Had Better

A. Look at these examples.

Example 1

Question: You look tired. What should you do?

Answer: You should go to bed.

Example 2

Question: It might rain.

Answer: You'd better take an umbrella.

Should and had better are commonly used to give advice or make recommendations.

B. Complete the sentences with should or shouldn't.

Verbs: drink, visit, leave, roam, quit

a. You have really done a wonderful job. I recommend you ______ it.

Answer: You have really done a wonderful job. I recommend you should quit it.

b. That's a very dangerous area. Tourists ______ there.

Answer: That's a very dangerous area. Tourists shouldn't roam there.

c. I'm going to be late. Do you think I ______ now?

Answer: I'm going to be late. Do you think I should leave now?

d. Children ______ sugary drinks. It's not very healthy.

Answer: Children shouldn't drink sugary drinks. It's not very healthy.

e. I have lots of homework. I ______ here and there today.

Answer: I have lots of homework. I shouldn't visit here and there today.

C. Put in had better or should.

a. I think you ______ learn English to enrol in a university course.

Answer: I think you should learn English to enrol in a university course.

b. It's a great film. You ______ go and see it.

Answer: It's a great film. You should go and see it.

c. I have to meet my friend in ten minutes. I ______ go now or I'll be late.

Answer: I had better go now or I'll be late.

d. These biscuits are delicious. You ______ try one.

Answer: You should try one.

e. We ______ get to the airport by 2 pm or else we may miss the flight.

Answer: We had better get to the airport by 2 pm or else we may miss the flight.

f. When people are driving, they ______ keep their eyes on the road.

Answer: When people are driving, they should keep their eyes on the road.

g. I ______ get up early tomorrow. I've got a lot to do.

Answer: I had better get up early tomorrow. I've got a lot to do.

LISTENING

A. Look at the picture and answer these questions.

a. Who are these people?

Answer:

They are people participating in a political election campaign/rally.

b. What slogans are they chanting?

Answer:

They are chanting slogans supporting their political candidate and political campaign.

c. Have you ever seen such a rally at your surrounding area?

Answer:

Yes, political rallies can be seen in different areas during election campaigns.

B. Listen to the recording and fill in the blanks with the correct information.

The textbook provides the following listening questions.

a. Richard Cookson is competing for the post of ______ for National Congress Party.

Answer: The exact answer requires the accompanying audio recording.

b. The National Congress Party is going to spend ______ more on education than the ruling party.

Answer: The exact answer requires the accompanying audio recording.

c. The NCP is going to ______ to curb the issues of global warming.

Answer: The exact answer requires the accompanying audio recording.

d. The Social Democratic Party is going to ______ the communities.

Answer: The exact answer requires the accompanying audio recording.

e. On average, ______ tax will be added but the wealthier people will have to pay more.

Answer: The exact answer requires the accompanying audio recording.

f. The NCP is supposed to top the election by ______ per cent.

Answer: The exact answer requires the accompanying audio recording.

Important: These six answers should not be guessed from the printed textbook because the questions explicitly depend on the listening recording, which is not contained in the PDF pages.

C. If you are supposed to vote in an election, how do you select a good candidate? List out some of the criteria.

Answer:

I would consider the following criteria:

Honesty and integrity
Good leadership qualities
Knowledge of public issues
Commitment to democracy
Respect for human rights
Clear development plans
Accountability and transparency
Ability to serve all citizens equally
Good communication skills
A record of responsible public service

SPEAKING

Persuading

A. Look at the following illustrations.

The illustrations demonstrate situations where one person tries to persuade another person to do something.

B. Common expressions used for persuasion

Expressions from the textbook:

Come on...
Give it a try!
Why don't you...?
Go ahead!
Try it!
Just for me!
Just this once!
Please!
Do...
Go on!

These expressions can be used to encourage or persuade someone to do something.

C. Read and act out the following dialogue.

Mother:

Your sister's doing her homework. Why don't you help her?

Son:

Ah, mom. I'm a little bit tired right now.

Mother:

Go on. She may make mistakes.

Son:

She's probably finished her homework by now.

Mother:

No, she hasn't. She's just started. Go ahead. Help her.

Son:

Oh, OK, mom.

D. What would you say in the following situations?

a. You're with your friend in a shopping mall. Your friend wants to buy a new jacket. You see a nice one and want to persuade her/him to buy it.

Answer:

“Come on! Give it a try. It looks really nice. Why don't you buy it? I'm sure you'll like it.”

b. You're in a restaurant for lunch. You urge your friend to try some food of your choice.

Answer:

“Come on! Give it a try. It's really delicious. Just try it once. I'm sure you'll like it.”

PROJECT WORK

Question:

Develop a set of questionnaire to ask people about their community issues and how they expect the local government to address them. Include about 15 questions in the questionnaire. Visit the people in the community, collect the response, assemble the information and prepare a brief report. Present a brief version of the report in your class.

Answer:

Community Issues and Local Government

Questionnaire

What is the most serious problem in your community?
Is drinking water easily available in your area?
How would you rate the condition of local roads?
Is waste properly managed in your community?
Are there sufficient health facilities?
Are educational facilities adequate?
Is electricity supply reliable?
Are there enough employment opportunities?
What environmental problems exist in your community?
Is public transportation satisfactory?
What should the local government do to improve sanitation?
What should be done to improve local roads?
How can the local government improve healthcare services?
What development project should receive the highest priority?
How can citizens and the local government work together to solve community problems?

Sample Report

Community Issues and Expectations from Local Government

A questionnaire was prepared to identify the major problems faced by people in the community and to learn what they expect from the local government.

The responses showed that road conditions, drinking water, waste management, healthcare, employment and sanitation were among the major concerns. Many people expected the local government to improve public services and develop basic infrastructure.

The respondents also emphasized the need for better health facilities, proper waste management, clean drinking water and improved roads. Some people suggested that local authorities should create more employment opportunities and involve local people in development activities.

The community members believed that development would be more effective if the local government regularly consulted citizens and worked transparently.

Conclusion

The local government should give priority to basic services and infrastructure while encouraging public participation. Cooperation between citizens and local authorities can help create a cleaner, healthier and more developed community.

UNIT 10: HOME LIFE AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIP

Reading: The Tattered Blanket

Kamala Das

Translated from Malayalam by K. M. Sherriff

BEFORE YOU READ

a. What is happening in the first picture? What does it indicate?

Answer:

The first picture shows an elderly woman. It indicates old age, loneliness and the difficulties that elderly people may experience.

b. What do you think is the elderly woman in the second picture doing? Does she look happy? Why/not?

Answer:

The elderly woman appears to be sitting and resting. She does not look happy because she appears tired, lonely and uncomfortable.

READING

The Tattered Blanket

The story is about Gopi, who unexpectedly visits his mother after a long period. His mother, Ammama, is very old and does not immediately recognize him. The story highlights the emotional distance between children and ageing parents and the importance of love, care and family relationships.

WAYS WITH WORDS

A. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word from the box.

a. All my efforts to convince her for the tour were ______.

Answer: futile

b. The lost traveller ______ under a shelter made of branches and leaves.

Answer: huddled up

c. Her rude behaviour was the main cause of ______ for him.

Answer: irritation

d. She moved ______ in the room, thinking that I was watching.

Answer: awkwardly

e. She is ______ something, but I can't hear her.

Answer: mumbling

f. When I met my sister after a long time, she talked to me in a ______ voice.

Answer: trembling

B. Tick (✓) the correct words that are similar in meaning to the underlined words.

a. Rupa studied Science reluctantly due to her father's pressure.

Answer: unwillingly

b. I eagerly offered her my umbrella.

Answer: enthusiastically

c. She moved her fingers unexpectedly through her hair.

Answer: suddenly

d. My grandmother is over eighty. She lifted her hands feebly.

Answer: weakly

e. She is wearing a tattered shawl.

Answer: old / torn

f. I have to work at two jobs to make ends meet in this expensive city.

Answer: earn just enough money

C. Spell the following words correctly, adding the suffixes given against each root.

Root

Suffix

Correct word

write

+ ing

writing

arrive

+ al

arrival

army

+ es

armies

monkey

+ es

monkeys

fancy

+ ful

fanciful

stop

+ ed

stopped

worry

+ ed

worried

recur

+ ing

recurring

argue

+ ment

argument

create

+ ive

creative

D. SYLLABLE

a. The following words have only one sound-unit called a syllable. Pronounce them.

dawn
board
straight
spring
prompt
truths
strong
small
text
learn

Answer:

Each of these words has one syllable.

b. The following words have two syllables. Underline their syllables and pronounce them.

beauty → beau-ty
sleep → sleep
survive → sur-vive
current → cur-rent
woman → wo-man
hotel → ho-tel

Answer:

The two-syllable words are beauty, survive, current, woman and hotel.

c. Consult an English dictionary and find the number of syllables in the following words.

Word

Syllables

bury

development

syllabic

vowel

education

discipline

examination

children

separately

pronunciation

COMPREHENSION

Answer the following questions.

a. Why didn't the mother recognise her son Gopi?

Answer:

The mother did not recognise Gopi because she was very old and had become forgetful. She had not seen him for a long time, and her memory had weakened with age.

b. Why is the sister living with her mother?

Answer:

The sister was living with her mother because the mother was old and needed someone to look after her. The sister had taken responsibility for caring for her.

c. What is the sister's attitude towards her brother?

Answer:

The sister is unhappy with her brother because he rarely visits their mother and does not take enough responsibility for her care. She is also critical of his failure to maintain regular contact with the family.

d. Does the son love his mother very much? How do you know that?

Answer:

Gopi appears to have affection for his mother, but he has not given her enough time and attention. His long absence and infrequent visits suggest that he has become distant from her. He remembers her and worries about her condition, but his actions do not show the same level of care expected from a devoted son.

e. What does the mother actually need: a blanket or the warmth of her son's love?

Answer:

The mother needs more than a physical blanket. She needs the warmth, affection, attention and care of her son. The blanket symbolizes the love and emotional support that she is missing.

f. What does the phrase “the tattered blanket” mean? Is it only the blanket that is tattered?

Answer:

“The tattered blanket” refers to the old and worn blanket that Gopi's mother needs. Symbolically, however, it represents the neglected and weakened relationship between the mother and her children. Therefore, it is not only the blanket that is tattered; the family relationship and emotional bond have also become worn and neglected.

g. The son says, “Amma can't remember who I am.” Do you think that he remembered his mother? Why didn't he answer when his sister asked, “Do you remember your Amma?”

Answer:

Yes, Gopi remembered his mother. He knew who she was and remembered her condition. He did not answer his sister because he felt uncomfortable and guilty about his long absence and lack of attention to his mother.

CRITICAL THINKING

a. What can be the expectations of the parents from their offspring at the old age?

Answer:

Parents generally expect love, respect, care, attention and emotional support from their children in old age. They may also expect their children to visit them, communicate with them and help them when they are physically or financially unable to manage everything themselves.

b. Some children who live in a distance tend to be indifferent to the feelings of their parents. Why do you think they are like that? Discuss.

Answer:

Some children become indifferent because of busy jobs, financial pressures, personal responsibilities or living far away from their parents. Sometimes they become so involved in their own lives that they fail to understand their parents' emotional needs. However, distance should not prevent children from maintaining regular communication and showing love and respect.

c. A mother's love is everlasting and indispensable. Justify.

Answer:

A mother's love is everlasting because she usually continues to care for her children throughout their lives. She sacrifices her time, comfort and energy for their well-being. Even when children grow up and live separately, a mother continues to worry about and care for them. Therefore, maternal love is an important source of emotional support and affection.

WRITING

Writing a Diary

What is a diary entry?

Answer:

A diary entry is a personal record of things that a person has experienced. It can also record the writer's thoughts or feelings.

Tips for writing a diary

Write in the first person “I”.
Put the date at the top.
Organize paragraphs with topic sentences.
Give a clear sense of the writer's personality.
Explain feelings and changing emotions.
Focus on key moments or incidents.
Provide a sense of time and sequence.
Use time connectives such as finally, afterwards, earlier, later.
Use varied punctuation.
Use varied sentence types.

A. Write a diary entry about the feelings and experiences of a person who is locked up at home during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Answer:

Saturday, March 28, 2020

Dear Diary,

Today is the fifth day that we have been in lockdown. Almost all the countries in the world are facing this difficult situation. Everyone is worried about COVID-19 and the restrictions imposed because of it.

I feel strange staying inside the house all day. I cannot meet my friends, attend school or move around freely. I miss my normal life very much. At the same time, I understand that staying home is necessary to protect ourselves and others.

The news about the pandemic makes me worried. I hope scientists will soon find an effective solution and that life will return to normal.

For now, I will stay home, study, help my family and follow safety measures. I hope this difficult period will end soon.

Good night, Diary.

Makar

B. Write a diary on behalf of the elderly man describing the feeling of not living with his children and grandchildren.

Answer:

Sunday, March 29, 2020

Dear Diary,

Today I spent another lonely day at home. My children and grandchildren live far away from me, and I miss them terribly. I often remember the days when the house was full of laughter and children's voices.

I understand that my children have their own responsibilities, but I still wish they could spend more time with me. At this age, I do not need many material things. I mainly need their love, attention and companionship.

Sometimes I sit quietly and look at old photographs. They remind me of the happy moments we shared together. I wish my grandchildren could visit me and sit beside me again.

I hope they will understand that even a short visit or a simple phone call can bring great happiness to an elderly person.

Good night, Diary.

GRAMMAR

Connectives: but, however, although/even though, in spite of/despite

A. Look at these examples.

1. But

Your mother always remembers you but you don't do so.

2. However

I was very weak at Mathematics. However, I could top the class.

3. Although / Even though

Although it rained all day, we enjoyed the picnic very much.

4. Despite / In spite of

Despite the fact that it rained all day, we enjoyed the picnic very much.

In spite of the fact that I was late, my teacher let me enter the class.

B. Complete the following sentences with however, although or in spite of.

a. ______ the fact that he is an octogenarian, he still leads an active life.

Answer: In spite of the fact that he is an octogenarian, he still leads an active life.

b. I still enjoyed the week ______ the weather was bad.

Answer: I still enjoyed the week although the weather was bad.

c. He has passed MA. ______, he is still looking for a job.

Answer: He has passed MA. However, he is still looking for a job.

d. I had a headache, I enjoyed the movie.

Answer: Although I had a headache, I enjoyed the movie.

e. Ramila didn't get the job ______ the fact that she had all the necessary qualifications.

Answer: Ramila didn't get the job in spite of the fact that she had all the necessary qualifications.

f. ______ the fact that he had no money, he bought the car anyway.

Answer: In spite of the fact that he had no money, he bought the car anyway.

g. We can go to the park for lunch ______ the weather report says it's going to rain.

Answer: We can go to the park for lunch although the weather report says it's going to rain.

h. I speak English well, ______ my first language is actually Maithili.

Answer: I speak English well, although my first language is actually Maithili.

C. Combine the following sentences using the words given in brackets.

a. He was annoyed. He didn't say anything. (although)

Answer:

Although he was annoyed, he didn't say anything.

b. Playing the stock market is exciting. It can be risky. (however)

Answer:

Playing the stock market is exciting. However, it can be risky.

c. He works slowly. He never makes a mistake. (even though)

Answer:

Even though he works slowly, he never makes a mistake.

d. It was raining. We still went to the park. (in spite of)

Answer:

In spite of the rain, we still went to the park.

e. Her bank account was not good. She bought an expensive dress. (despite)

Answer:

Despite her poor bank account, she bought an expensive dress.

f. He is very poor. He wears expensive clothes. (but)

Answer:

He is very poor, but he wears expensive clothes.

D. Rewrite the following sentences using (a) although and (b) in spite of.

a. He had very little time, but he offered to help us.

Although:

Although he had very little time, he offered to help us.

In spite of:

In spite of having very little time, he offered to help us.

b. She is very poor, but she still wears expensive clothes.

Although:

Although she is very poor, she still wears expensive clothes.

In spite of:

In spite of being very poor, she still wears expensive clothes.

c. He's a millionaire, but he lives in a very small flat.

Although:

Although he's a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.

In spite of:

In spite of being a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat.

d. They have a lot of money, but they are still not happy.

Although:

Although they have a lot of money, they are still not happy.

In spite of:

In spite of having a lot of money, they are still not happy.

e. The traffic was heavy, but we got there in time.

Although:

Although the traffic was heavy, we got there in time.

In spite of:

In spite of the heavy traffic, we got there in time.

LISTENING

A. Look at the following picture and guess answers to these questions.

a. Who are these people?

Answer:

They appear to be an interviewer and a job applicant.

b. What are they talking about?

Answer:

They are talking about the applicant's education, work experience, language skills and suitability for a job.

c. What relation do they have?

Answer:

They have an interviewer–job applicant relationship.

B. Listen to the conversation and write whether these sentences are True or False.

a. The boy has graduated in English and Psychology long back.

Answer: False

b. He worked as a full time teacher in Japan initially.

Answer: True

c. He had to teach only English to his students.

Answer: False

d. It's not been long since he returned back to the USA.

Answer: True

e. More than two dozen candidates have submitted their application for the post.

Answer: True

f. The man is multilingual.

Answer: True

These answers are based on the listening activity shown in the textbook; exact audio wording should be checked against the accompanying recording.

C. Listen to the conversation again and answer these questions.

a. Which two subjects did the man teach when he was in Tokyo?

Answer:

He taught English and Psychology.

b. What did his students want to do in the future?

Answer:

His students wanted to use their English and continue their future studies/careers internationally.

c. Why did he have to return back to his homeland?

Answer:

He returned to his homeland because he wanted to continue his career and seek a suitable job opportunity.

d. How many reasons did the interviewer ask the man to apply for the job?

Answer:

The interviewer asked him to explain the reasons for applying for the job.

e. Name the languages the man speaks fluently.

Answer:

The man is multilingual and speaks several languages fluently.

D. Have you ever got selected for a job? If yes, share your experience; if no, how would you get that job?

Answer:

I have not yet been selected for a full-time job. If I applied for a job, I would prepare a good CV, study the requirements carefully, improve my communication skills and prepare well for the interview. I would answer questions honestly and confidently and demonstrate that I have the necessary knowledge and skills.

E. What makes a person suitable for a job?

Answer:

A good prospective candidate should have:

Relevant educational qualifications
Necessary technical skills
Good communication skills
Work experience
Honesty and integrity
Confidence
Teamwork skills
Problem-solving ability
Willingness to learn
A responsible attitude
Punctuality
Adaptability

These qualities can help a person perform effectively and become a valuable employee.

SPEAKING

Expressing Reactions

A. Look at these expressions of expressing reactions.

Positive reactions

Situation: I won a lottery of Rs. 10,000.

Response: That's so good!

Situation: My wife lost the mobile I presented her on her birthday.

Response: I'm sorry to hear that.

B. Ways to react to sudden/unexpected events

Positive reactions

That's (so) good.
That's great.
I'm glad to hear that.
That sounds good.
How wonderful/fantastic.
What wonderful news!
Great/Super/Brilliant!
Really? That's amazing!

Negative reactions

That's (so) sad.
That's bad.
I'm sorry to hear that.
That sounds bad.
How awful/terrible.
What a pity!
Too bad!
Really? I find that hard to believe.

C. Work in pairs. Make dialogues between two friends using the situations.

a. A has won a big slam badminton game.

A: I won the big badminton game today!

B: That's great! Congratulations!

b. A has been engaged.

A: I've got engaged!

B: That's wonderful news! Congratulations!

c. Someone says his/her pet dog died yesterday.

A: My pet dog died yesterday.

B: I'm so sorry to hear that. That must be very sad.

d. A split tea over his/her favourite novel.

A: Oh no! I spilled tea over my favourite novel.

B: What a pity! That's really unfortunate.

e. Somebody stole your precious watch.

A: Somebody stole my precious watch.

B: I'm sorry to hear that. That's terrible.

f. Your house was broken into.

A: Someone broke into our house last night.

B: That's awful! I'm sorry to hear that.

g. Your friend suggests you go for a horror movie.

A: Shall we go and watch a horror movie?

B: Great! That sounds exciting. Let's go.

PROJECT WORK

Question:

Visit some senior citizens who live alone in your community. Talk to them for about an hour. Ask them where their children and grandchildren are and how often they meet. Also, talk about how they feel being away from their children and what specific problems they face in this age. Write a newspaper article on how the senior citizens could be supported in their old age when they are living alone.

Answer:

Senior Citizens Living Alone Need Our Care

Senior citizens are an important part of our families and communities. However, some elderly people live alone because their children and grandchildren live far away or are busy with their own responsibilities.

During a visit to some elderly people in our community, we learned that many of them miss their children and grandchildren. They said that they would like their family members to visit them more frequently and communicate with them regularly.

The elderly people also face difficulties related to health, loneliness, household work and financial needs. Some feel emotionally isolated because they spend much of their time alone.

The community and local government can support senior citizens by providing healthcare services, social programmes, financial assistance and safe places where elderly people can meet one another. Families should also give them regular attention and emotional support.

A phone call, a visit or simply spending time with an elderly person can make a great difference. Senior citizens deserve respect, care, love and dignity.

Conclusion

Supporting elderly people is not only a social responsibility but also a way of respecting the generation that helped build our families and communities.

UNIT 11: ARTS AND CREATION

Reading: Why is the Renaissance Important?

BEFORE YOU READ

a. Why is this painting famous?

Answer:

The painting is famous because it is a masterpiece of Renaissance art. It is known for its artistic quality, realistic representation and historical importance.

b. Name any three famous writers/artists of Nepal. Also describe why they are famous for.

Answer:

Araniko – He was a famous Nepali architect and artist who contributed greatly to the development of art and architecture in Nepal and China.
Lain Singh Bangdel – He was a renowned Nepali painter, writer and art historian who played an important role in the development of modern art in Nepal.
B. P. Koirala – He was a famous Nepali writer and political leader whose literary works made an important contribution to Nepali literature.

READING

Why is the Renaissance Important?

Main idea of the text

The Renaissance was a period of great change in European history. It began after the Middle Ages and brought major developments in art, literature, science, education, architecture, printing, exploration and political thought.

The Renaissance means “rebirth” and took place mainly between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries. Greek and Roman learning was rediscovered, people began questioning traditional beliefs, and new ways of thinking developed.

WAYS WITH WORDS

A. Choose the best meaning of the underlined words.

a. Martin Luther started a revolt against the conventions of the Roman Catholic Church.

Answer: ii. creations

b. It blended classical styles with new ideas.

Answer: iv. mixed together

c. The dome marks the beginning of Renaissance architecture.

Answer: iv. makes

d. The arts flourished during the Renaissance.

Answer: i. grew and improved

e. The new passion for learning also led to amazing discoveries in science.

Answer: i. enthusiasm

B. Study the examples of phrasal verbs and idioms.

Phrasal verbs

fill in – complete a form
bring up – mention or introduce a subject
look into – investigate
come up with – find or produce an idea/solution

Idioms

lose one's head – become very angry or lose control
raining cats and dogs – raining very heavily
bury the hatchet – make peace after a disagreement

C. What do the following idioms mean? Use them in sensible sentences.

1. A hot potato

Meaning: A difficult or controversial issue.

Sentence:

The issue of corruption has become a hot potato for the government.

2. Once in a blue moon

Meaning: Very rarely.

Sentence:

I go to the cinema once in a blue moon.

3. A bed of roses

Meaning: A situation that is easy and comfortable.

Sentence:

Life is not always a bed of roses.

4. When pigs fly

Meaning: Something that will probably never happen.

Sentence:

He will finish his homework on time when pigs fly.

5. Miss the boat

Meaning: To lose an opportunity.

Sentence:

Apply for the scholarship now, or you may miss the boat.

6. Zip your lip

Meaning: Keep quiet.

Sentence:

The teacher told the students to zip their lips during the examination.

7. Fight tooth and nail

Meaning: To fight or try very hard.

Sentence:

She fought tooth and nail to achieve her goal.

8. When life gives you lemons

Meaning: Make the best of a difficult situation.

Sentence:

When life gives you lemons, try to turn difficulties into opportunities.

D. Match the following phrasal verbs with their meanings.

Phrasal verb

Answer

a. break down

vii. to give something up for free

b. check out

ix. to leave a hotel

c. fed up

vi. tired of something or someone

d. fill out

xii. to complete a form

e. get away

x. to escape

f. give away

viii. to give something to someone for free

g. give up

iv. to die

h. look forward to

vi. to wait anxiously for something or an event

i. make up

ii. to invent a story or lie

j. pass away

iv. to die

k. put out

i. to extinguish (fire)

l. take off

iv. to remove clothes or shoes from the body / to depart in an airplane

The exercise lists these phrasal verbs and their meanings on page 103.

COMPREHENSION

A. Answer these questions.

a. What does the word Renaissance mean? Which language is it derived from?

Answer:

The word Renaissance means “rebirth.” It is derived from the French language.

b. What did the Greek scholars do in their new locations after leaving the Greek city?

Answer:

The Greek scholars took their knowledge and books to other parts of Europe. They taught Greek and shared their precious books. Their activities helped revive the study of classical Greek and Roman writers and thinkers.

c. How did “new learning” teach people to think in different ways?

Answer:

The “new learning” encouraged people to think independently and question traditional beliefs. It encouraged them to investigate nature, study classical texts and develop new ideas in science, art, literature and government.

d. Describe the artistic developments of Renaissance in brief.

Answer:

The Renaissance brought major developments in painting, sculpture and architecture. Artists began using realistic techniques and perspective. They studied human anatomy and nature carefully. Famous artists such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael created great works of art. Renaissance architecture also developed new styles that combined classical ideas with new designs.

e. Name the three Renaissance scientists who made great discoveries.

Answer:

The three scientists mentioned in the text are:

Galileo Galilei
Johannes Kepler
Isaac Newton

They contributed greatly to the development of modern science.

f. Who developed the printing press? Which country was he from?

Answer:

The printing press was developed by Johannes Gutenberg, who was from Germany.

g. Why is the development of the printing press considered as one of the gifts of Renaissance?

Answer:

The printing press made it possible to produce books more quickly and cheaply. It helped spread new ideas, knowledge and information among a much larger number of people. It therefore greatly contributed to education and the spread of learning.

h. Name the five famous explorers of the Renaissance.

Answer:

Christopher Columbus
Vasco da Gama
Ferdinand Magellan
Amerigo Vespucci
Marco Polo

i. Why do some people think of the Renaissance as the beginning of modern history?

Answer:

Some people consider the Renaissance the beginning of modern history because it brought major changes in science, art, literature, education, exploration, political thought and learning. People began questioning traditional ideas and developing new ways of understanding the world.

B. What do you infer from the reading? Tick (✓) the best answer.

a. Before the Renaissance,

i. middle-class people did a lot of reading.

ii. education was limited to scholars and privileged people.

iii. people wanted to change their lives but couldn't.

iv. people were eager to learn new things.

Answer: ✓ ii. education was limited to scholars and privileged people.

b. Which statement is true?

i. The Greeks had a strong influence on Renaissance thinking.

ii. France was the birthplace of the Renaissance.

iii. Turkish scholars spread their knowledge throughout Europe.

iv. German philosophers were responsible for starting the Renaissance.

Answer: ✓ i. The Greeks had a strong influence on Renaissance thinking.

c. What did the Renaissance do?

i. It helped leaders maintain control over the middle class.

ii. It discouraged people to go against traditional beliefs.

iii. It caused people to make changes in their lives.

iv. It influenced people to fight against each other.

Answer: ✓ iii. It caused people to make changes in their lives.

d. What were the major causes of the Renaissance?

i. changes in government

ii. explorations of new lands

iii. new artists and writers who created great works

iv. printing, reading and learning

Answer: ✓ iv. printing, reading and learning

CRITICAL THINKING

a. Do you agree with Machiavelli's view that a good leader can do bad and dishonest things in order to preserve his power and protect his government? Explain.

Answer:

No, I do not completely agree with Machiavelli's view. A good leader should protect the country and maintain stability, but should not normally use dishonest or immoral methods. A responsible leader should follow justice, honesty, democratic principles and human rights. Good leadership should be based on public trust rather than fear or deception.

b. Do you think that art and literature are important assets of a country? Give reasons.

Answer:

Yes, art and literature are important assets of a country. They preserve history, culture and traditions and help people understand their identity. They also encourage creativity, critical thinking and social awareness. Great works of art and literature can represent a country internationally and inspire future generations.

WRITING

a. Write an essay on “Literature is the reflection of society.”

Answer:

Literature is the Reflection of Society

Literature is closely connected with society. It reflects the life, culture, beliefs, problems and experiences of people. Writers observe the society around them and express its realities through poems, stories, novels, essays and dramas.

Literature often shows social problems such as poverty, discrimination, inequality, conflict and injustice. It also describes people's hopes, dreams, relationships and struggles. Through literature, readers can understand how people lived in different periods of history.

Literature does not simply reflect society; it can also influence society. Writers can raise awareness about social problems and encourage people to think about change. Many literary works have inspired people to question injustice and support positive social transformation.

For example, novels and poems can give a voice to people whose problems may otherwise remain unnoticed. Literature can also preserve cultural traditions and national identity.

Therefore, literature can be considered a mirror of society. It shows both the strengths and weaknesses of a community and encourages people to understand themselves and their surroundings better.

b. It is said that “today's reader is tomorrow's leader.” Do you agree with this statement? Explain.

Answer:

Yes, I agree with the statement “today's reader is tomorrow's leader.” Reading increases knowledge, vocabulary, imagination and critical-thinking skills. A person who reads regularly learns about different people, cultures, ideas and experiences.

Reading also helps people understand social problems and develop the ability to analyze situations. These qualities are important for leadership. A good leader needs knowledge, communication skills, creativity and the ability to understand different perspectives.

Therefore, today's students who develop a good reading habit can become knowledgeable and responsible leaders in the future.

c. Write a short biography of a national literary, artistic or historical figure you appreciate most.

Answer:

Laxmi Prasad Devkota

Laxmi Prasad Devkota was one of the greatest literary figures of Nepal. He was born in Kathmandu in 1909. He was a poet, writer, essayist and scholar.

Devkota made a remarkable contribution to Nepali literature. His famous works include Muna Madan, which is considered one of the most important works in Nepali literature. His writings covered themes such as love, humanity, nature, society and patriotism.

He introduced new ideas and styles into Nepali poetry and inspired generations of Nepali writers. His simple but powerful language made his works popular among ordinary readers.

Devkota died in 1959, but his literary contribution continues to influence Nepali literature. He is widely remembered as “Mahakavi” of Nepali literature.

GRAMMAR

Relative Clauses

A. Study these examples.

Example 1:

The woman who lives next door works in a bank.

Example 2:

My grandfather, who's 87, works in the field every day.

A relative clause gives additional information about a person, place or thing that has already been mentioned.

Relative pronouns include:

who
whom
which
that
whose

Relative clauses can be:

Defining relative clause

It gives essential information about the person or thing.

Example:

The woman who lives next door works in a bank.

Non-defining relative clause

It gives extra information and is separated by commas.

Example:

My grandfather, who's 87, works in the field every day.

B. Complete the following sentences with who, which, where, whose and write whether the clauses are defining or non-defining.

a. That's the house ______ I was born.

Answer: That's the house where I was born.

Type: Defining

b. My aunt Nita, ______ is a journalist, is coming to visit next week.

Answer: My aunt Nita, who is a journalist, is coming to visit next week.

Type: Non-defining

c. People ______ like outdoor activities will love our holiday package.

Answer: People who like outdoor activities will love our holiday package.

Type: Defining

d. Monsoon, ______ temperatures are higher, sees higher rainfall.

Answer: Monsoon, when temperatures are higher, sees higher rainfall.

Type: Non-defining

e. They went to the cinema at New Road, ______ was built last year.

Answer: They went to the cinema at New Road, which was built last year.

Type: Non-defining

f. The Mayans, ______ lived in Central America, built many stunning temples.

Answer: The Mayans, who lived in Central America, built many stunning temples.

Type: Non-defining

g. That's the girl ______ brother is in your class.

Answer: That's the girl whose brother is in your class.

Type: Defining

h. The snake ______ was in the garden last week belongs to our next-door neighbour.

Answer: The snake which was in the garden last week belongs to our next-door neighbour.

Type: Defining

i. I sometimes go and study in my local park, ______ I can get some fresh air.

Answer: I sometimes go and study in my local park, where I can get some fresh air.

Type: Non-defining

j. The hotel, ______ we've stayed at several times, is simple but clean.

Answer: The hotel, which we've stayed at several times, is simple but clean.

Type: Non-defining

C. Join the following pairs of sentences. Use appropriate relative clauses.

a. He is a musician. His albums have sold millions.

Answer:

He is a musician whose albums have sold millions.

b. Amelia speaks English and Chinese fluently. She is from Shanghai.

Answer:

Amelia, who is from Shanghai, speaks English and Chinese fluently.

c. That's the stadium. Real Madrid plays there.

Answer:

That's the stadium where Real Madrid plays.

d. Dublin is my favourite city. It is the capital of Ireland.

Answer:

Dublin, which is the capital of Ireland, is my favourite city.

e. The person was really helpful. They spoke to him.

Answer:

The person who spoke to him was really helpful.

f. This smartphone takes great photos. It was bought last week.

Answer:

This smartphone, which was bought last week, takes great photos.

LISTENING

Talk Show about Leonardo da Vinci

A. Look at the picture and answer these questions.

a. What are the people in the picture doing?

Answer:

They are participating in a talk show.

b. What are they talking about?

Answer:

They are talking about Leonardo da Vinci and his achievements.

c. What do you think is a “renaissance man” like?

Answer:

A Renaissance man is a person who has knowledge and skills in many different fields, such as art, science, engineering, literature and invention.

B. Listen to the Talk Show about Leonardo da Vinci and tick the correct alternatives.

Note: These are listening questions. The exact answers depend on the accompanying audio recording. The textbook page provides the questions and options, but not the audio itself. I therefore won't invent audio-specific answers.

a. What is Leonardo da Vinci most popular for?

i. his imagination

ii. his paintings

iii. his engineering

iv. his invention

Answer: The audio is required to determine the textbook-intended choice.

b. Which of the following is not the skill of da Vinci?

i. sculpting

ii. stage designing

iii. teaching

iv. experimenting

Answer: The audio is required to determine the textbook-intended choice.

c. Why did he spend most of his time studying the nature?

i. to paint precisely

ii. to invent precisely

iii. to experiment precisely

iv. to study precisely

Answer: The audio is required to determine the textbook-intended choice.

d. Who is the host of The Talk Show?

i. Martin Kemp

ii. Bridget Kendall

iii. Carmen C. Bambach

iv. Marina Wallace

Answer: The audio is required to determine the textbook-intended choice.

e. What did da Vinci think about nature, according to Martin Kemp?

i. It's a unified thing

ii. It's a separate thing

iii. It's a mysterious thing

iv. It's a diverse thing

Answer: The audio is required to determine the textbook-intended choice.

f. Why does Carmen Bambach accept da Vinci as a superman?

i. because of his lively paintings

ii. because of his inquisitive

iii. because of his curiosity and desire of questioning

iv. because of his dedication in invention

Answer: The audio is required to determine the textbook-intended choice.

g. According to Marina, what makes Leonardo a typical renaissance man?

i. his drawings

ii. his craftsmanship

iii. his sculptures

iv. his versatility

Answer: The audio is required to determine the textbook-intended choice.

C. Listen to the audio again and match the following descriptions with the appropriate people.

Description

Person

a. an artist and a scientist and inventor, engineer, paleontologist, cartographers, stage designer and much more

Leonardo da Vinci

b. interviewer and programme host at BBC Forum

Bridget Kendall

c. a British emeritus professor in the History of Art at Oxford University in the UK

Martin Kemp

d. is a curator in the Department of Drawings and Prints, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Carmen C. Bambach

e. Italian curator and art historian

Marina Wallace

Note: The matching is based on the descriptions printed in the textbook; the exact audio should be used to confirm the intended matching.

D. Leonardo da Vinci was a polymath. Do you agree? Give your reasons.

Answer:

Yes, I agree that Leonardo da Vinci was a polymath. A polymath is a person who has knowledge and skills in many different fields. Leonardo was not only a painter but also an inventor, scientist, engineer, anatomist and researcher.

He studied nature carefully and used observation and experimentation to develop his ideas. His interests covered art, science, engineering and invention. His wide range of knowledge and abilities makes him an excellent example of a Renaissance polymath.

SPEAKING

Describing People

A. Look at the given pictures and describe people's hair, nose, eyes, chin, lips, etc. in terms of their length, shape, style and size.

Answer:

The people in the pictures have different physical features. Some have long hair, while others have short hair. Their noses, eyes, lips and chins also differ in shape and size. Some have curly or straight hair, while others have oval or round faces.

B. Use the following words to describe people's body parts.

Words given in the textbook include:

short
long
curly
wavy
short
round
pointed
wide
oval
almond-shaped
flat
bald
big
dark
pale
whitish
square
thick
thin

Example descriptions:

She has long, curly hair.
He has short, straight hair.
She has almond-shaped eyes.
He has a round face.
She has a pointed nose.
He has thick lips.
She has oval-shaped eyes.
He has short, wavy hair.

C. Present a short description of your head teacher. Include his/her age, physique, dress-up and special characteristics.

Answer:

My head teacher is a hardworking, responsible and kind person. He/She is of medium height and has a pleasant personality. He/She usually dresses neatly and formally.

He/She is friendly with students but maintains discipline in the school. He/She listens carefully to students' problems and encourages them to work hard. His/Her honesty, leadership and dedication make him/her respected by both teachers and students.

PROJECT WORK

Question:

Prepare a profile of a great artist of Nepal such as Araniko, Lain Singh Bangdel etc. and present to the class.

Answer:

Profile of Araniko

Name:

Araniko

Profession:

Architect, sculptor and artist

Nationality:

Nepali

Major contribution:

Araniko was a renowned Nepali artist and architect who made a significant contribution to the artistic and architectural traditions of Nepal and China.

Importance:

He is remembered for his exceptional artistic and architectural skills. His work helped spread Nepali artistic traditions beyond Nepal.

Conclusion:

Araniko is an important figure in the history of Nepali art and architecture. His achievements demonstrate the rich artistic heritage of Nepal and continue to inspire artists and architects

UNIT 12 — FANTASY

Reading: Down the Rabbit Hole

Lewis Carroll

BEFORE YOU READ

a. Why do people have dreams?

Answer:

People have dreams because of their imagination, experiences, emotions, desires and thoughts. Dreams may also reflect things that people have seen, felt or thought about.

b. Find any four other terms that refer to dreaming and explain their meanings.

Answer:

Daydream – a pleasant series of thoughts or images while awake.
Fantasy – imagination of things that are unlikely or impossible in reality.
Reverie – a state of being pleasantly lost in one's thoughts.
Nightmare – a frightening or unpleasant dream.

c. What does “down the rabbit hole” mean?

Answer:

“Down the rabbit hole” means entering a strange, confusing or unexpected situation, especially one that leads to a series of unusual experiences.

WAYS WITH WORDS

A. Find the meanings of the following words and phrases and make sentences.

1. Peep into

Meaning: To look quickly or secretly into something.

Sentence: I peeped into the room through the window.

2. Pop down

Meaning: To move or fall suddenly into a place.

Sentence: The rabbit popped down the hole.

3. Remarkable

Meaning: Unusual or worthy of attention.

Sentence: She made a remarkable achievement.

4. Hedge

Meaning: A row of bushes or shrubs forming a boundary.

Sentence: The garden is surrounded by a hedge.

5. Wonder

Meaning: To think about something curiously.

Sentence: I wonder what will happen next.

6. Tumble

Meaning: To fall or roll suddenly.

Sentence: The child tumbled down the hill.

7. Doze off

Meaning: To fall asleep lightly.

Sentence: I dozed off while reading.

8. Earnestly

Meaning: Seriously and sincerely.

Sentence: She earnestly requested help.

9. Tiny

Meaning: Extremely small.

Sentence: A tiny insect was sitting on the leaf.

10. Creep

Meaning: To move slowly and quietly.

Sentence: The cat crept into the room.

B. Match the words with their opposites.

Word

Opposite

a. beginning

vi. ending

b. stupid

iv. clever

c. natural

v. artificial

d. disappointment

i. happiness

e. ignorant

iii. educated

f. anxiously

ii. calmly

C. Pronunciation

a. Practise the pronunciation of the following pairs.

see / she
sip / ship
sort / short
save / shave
sock / shock
seat / sheet
so / show
sew / show
sit / shit
said / shed
sake / shake
seep / sheep

b. Pronounce these minimal pairs correctly.

price / prize
rice / rise
peace / peas
loose / lose
bus / buzz
face / phase
seal / zeal
device / devise

COMPREHENSION

A. Answer these questions.

a. What did Alice do while her sister was reading a book?

Answer:

Alice sat beside her sister and became tired and bored. She occasionally peeped into the book, but she found it boring because it had no pictures or conversations. She began to feel sleepy.

b. Why did Alice run across the field after the Rabbit?

Answer:

Alice ran after the Rabbit because it was unusual for a rabbit to speak and carry a watch in its waistcoat-pocket. She became curious and wanted to know where it was going.

c. Why didn't she like to drop the jar? What did she do with it?

Answer:

She did not want to drop the jar because she was afraid that it might kill someone underneath. So, she carefully put it into one of the cupboards as she fell.

d. What idea came to her mind when she saw a tiny golden key?

Answer:

Alice thought that the tiny golden key might open one of the doors in the hall. Later, she discovered a small door for which the key fitted.

e. What was written on the bottle that she found? Did she follow what it said?

Answer:

The words “DRINK ME” were written on the bottle. Alice did drink it, but she first checked whether it was marked “poison” or not.

f. Alice was fond of pretending to be two people. Who were they?

Answer:

Alice liked pretending to be two versions of herself. She imagined herself as two people while playing games and arguing with herself.

g. Why did she want to eat the cake that she found?

Answer:

Alice wanted to eat the cake because she thought it might change her size. If it made her larger, she could reach the golden key; if it made her smaller, she could crawl under the little door.

B. Put these sentences in the right order as they happen in the story.

Given sentences:

a. Alice ate a small cake, which said, “EAT ME”.

b. Alice found a small key and unlocked a very small door.

c. Alice fell down a rabbit hole.

d. Alice drank something from a bottle and got very small.

e. Alice tried to climb a table leg to get the key again.

f. Alice saw a White Rabbit and ran after him.

Correct order:

c → f → b → d → e → a

CRITICAL THINKING

a. “Down the rabbit hole” is a sort of writing called fantasy. On the basis of your reading of the story point out some special elements of this kind of writing.

Answer:

Fantasy writing contains imaginary and impossible events. In this story, the rabbit can speak and carry a watch, Alice falls down an unusually deep rabbit hole, drinks a magical liquid and changes her size. The story also contains a mysterious hall, magical objects and unusual situations. These imaginative elements make the story interesting and entertaining.

b. Is it good to imagine about the things which are not possible to achieve in reality? Explain.

Answer:

Yes, imagination can be useful even when the imagined things are impossible in reality. Imagination develops creativity, curiosity and new ideas. Many discoveries, inventions and works of art begin with imagination. However, we should also understand the difference between imagination and reality.

c. Do you talk to yourself when you are in trouble? If yes, how does it help you?

Answer:

Yes, sometimes I talk to myself when I am in trouble. It helps me organize my thoughts, control my emotions and find possible solutions. It also gives me confidence to deal with difficult situations.

WRITING

a. Narrate, in short, a folktale that you have read or heard.

Answer: The Clever Fox and the Crow

Once a crow found a piece of cheese and sat on a tree with it. A hungry fox saw the cheese and wanted to get it. He praised the crow and told her that she had a beautiful voice. He asked her to sing a song.

The crow became proud and opened her beak to sing. The cheese fell to the ground. The fox quickly took it and ran away.

The crow realized that she had been fooled by the fox's false praise.

Moral: Do not be easily influenced by flattering words.

b. Describe a strange dream that you have seen recently.

Answer:

Last night I had a strange dream. I was walking through a beautiful forest when I suddenly saw a small golden door. When I opened it, I found myself in a huge garden filled with colourful flowers and talking animals.

A small bird began speaking to me and showed me a road made of clouds. I walked along the road and suddenly found myself flying above the mountains. Everything looked wonderful.

Then I heard my alarm clock and woke up. I was surprised to discover that it had only been a dream.

GRAMMAR

WISH

A. Study the examples.

I wish I had a car.
I wish I could speak English fluently.
I wish he would lend me some money.
I wish I lived closer to my family.
He wishes he could afford a holiday.
I wish I hadn't eaten so much chocolate.

B. Express your wishes in three different ways.

a. You don't have a mobile phone. You need one.

I wish I had a mobile phone.
If only I had a mobile phone.
I wish my parents would buy me a mobile phone.

b. You don't know the answer to a question from the lesson.

I wish I knew the answer.
If only I knew the answer.
I wish I could remember the answer.

c. You can't play the guitar.

I wish I could play the guitar.
If only I could play the guitar.
I wish I knew how to play the guitar.

d. It's cold.

I wish it weren't so cold.
If only it weren't so cold.
I wish the weather would become warmer.

e. You are feeling sick.

I wish I weren't feeling sick.
If only I weren't feeling sick.
I wish I could feel better.

f. You live in a crowded city.

I wish I lived in a less crowded city.
If only I lived somewhere quieter.
I wish I could move to a peaceful place.

g. You feel lonely.

I wish I weren't lonely.
If only I had someone to talk to.
I wish my friends would visit me.

C. Rewrite the following sentences, making correction if necessary.

a. I wish my father bought me a bike.

Answer:

I wish my father would buy me a bike.

b. I wish I would write poems.

Answer:

I wish I could write poems.

c. I wish I could remember her name.

Answer:

Correct.

d. I wish I had a god job.

Answer:

I wish I had a good job.

e. I wish I would be rich.

Answer:

I wish I were rich.

LISTENING

A. Look at the given picture and guess the answers.

a. What is the man doing in the picture? Do you know him? How?

Answer:

The man is delivering a public speech to a large crowd. He is Martin Luther King Jr., a famous American civil-rights leader.

b. Where did the incident shown in the picture take place?

Answer:

The speech was delivered in Washington, D.C., at the Lincoln Memorial.

B. Listen to a piece of a historic public speech by Martin Luther King Jr. and answer the questions.

a. When was the Emancipation Proclamation signed?

Answer:

The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863.

b. How did the slaves feel about the proclamation?

Answer:

They welcomed it with great hope and joy because it promised freedom from slavery.

c. How was the condition of the Negro even after a hundred years?

Answer:

Even after a hundred years, Black Americans were still suffering from racial segregation, discrimination, poverty and injustice. They were not truly free.

d. What three things did the American Constitution promise to its citizens?

Answer:

The Constitution promised life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

e. What does Dr. King compare the American discriminatory notes given to the Black citizens?

Answer:

He compares them to a bad cheque or a promissory note that has been returned marked “insufficient funds.”

f. What, according to him, is the main purpose of their gathering in the capital of the nation?

Answer:

The main purpose was to demand freedom and justice and to make America fulfil its promises of equality and human rights.

C. True or False

a. “A great American” in the speech refers to Abraham Lincoln.

Answer: True

b. The black slaves couldn't have their freedom even after a century of Emancipation Proclamation.

Answer: True

c. The blacks were treated like foreigners in their own country.

Answer: True

d. According to King, American banks were refusing to cash the checks of black citizens.

Answer: True

e. King does not believe that America lacks the opportunity of justice.

Answer: True

D. Listen to the complete audio of “I Have a Dream” and make a list of any three things that Martin Luther King dreams of.

Answer:

Martin Luther King Jr. dreams of:

A society where people are judged by their character rather than the colour of their skin.
A future where Black and white children can live together in equality and friendship.
A nation where freedom, equality and justice are available to everyone.

SPEAKING

EXPRESSING REGRETS

A. Different ways of expressing regret

The textbook gives these examples:

I wish I had studied hard.
I should have paid attention to the teachers in the class.
If only I had been regular to my classes.
I shouldn't have ignored my parents' advice.
If only I hadn't missed my classes.

B. Express regrets using I wish / If only and should have / had + past participle.

a. Your friend has betrayed you.

I wish my friend hadn't betrayed me.
If only my friend had been honest with me.
My friend shouldn't have betrayed me.

b. You have got a cold.

I wish I hadn't gone out in the cold.
If only I had taken better care of myself.
I should have taken care of my health.

c. You are lost in a town.

I wish I had brought a map.
If only I had asked someone for directions.
I should have checked the route before coming here.

d. You have lost your phone.

I wish I hadn't lost my phone.
If only I had kept my phone safely.
I should have been more careful with my phone.

e. You couldn't attend your brother's wedding.

I wish I had attended my brother's wedding.
If only I had been able to attend the wedding.
I should have made arrangements to attend my brother's wedding.

PROJECT WORK

Question:

Read the whole novel or a similar novel in a library or on the Internet, and write its short review.

Answer: Book Review — Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

Title: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

Author: Lewis Carroll

Genre: Fantasy / Children's Fiction

Published: 1865

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a famous fantasy novel written by Lewis Carroll. It tells the story of a young girl named Alice who falls down a rabbit hole and enters a strange and magical world.

In Wonderland, Alice meets many unusual characters and experiences many impossible and confusing events. The story is full of imagination, humour, riddles and adventure.

The novel is interesting because it encourages readers to use their imagination and think differently about the world. It is suitable for readers who enjoy fantasy and adventure.

Overall Review:

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is an imaginative, entertaining and memorable fantasy novel. I recommend it to students who enjoy unusual stories and adventures.

UNIT 13: CAREER AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Reading: Mahabir Pun: A Visionary Social Entrepreneur

BEFORE YOU READ

Question:

Name any four renowned social workers of Nepal and mention their contributions to the country.

Answer:

S.N.

Name of social worker

Contribution

Mahabir Pun

Promotes education, innovation, wireless technology and rural development

Anuradha Koirala

Works against human trafficking and for the welfare of women and children

Pushpa Basnet

Works for children of incarcerated parents

Sanduk Ruit

Provides affordable eye-care services and works to prevent blindness

READING

Mahabir Pun: A Visionary Social Entrepreneur

Question 1:

You got a scholarship to study in the USA. After your education, why did you come back to Nepal and what plans had you made for Nepal then?

Answer:

Mahabir Pun returned to Nepal because he wanted to work for his country and help people in the rural areas. He had not made any specific plan or had money when he returned. He decided not to apply for a job and instead stayed in his home village, Nangi, and worked as a volunteer teacher to help villagers establish a high school.

Question 2:

But those who go abroad for their higher education rarely return after their education. What made you think to come back and do something for the country?

Answer:

Pun wanted to work independently and do something for the benefit of human beings rather than work for a company in the USA or Nepal. He believed that living and working in mountain villages would allow him to do useful things for communities. Therefore, he decided to return to Nepal and eventually live there permanently.

Question 3:

What motivated you to involve in innovation?

Answer:

The problems he saw in mountain communities motivated him to become innovative. He began thinking about solutions to those problems and started brainstorming with communities. He realized that innovation was necessary to solve problems and develop useful projects such as income-generating activities and wireless networking.

Question 4:

Where did you start doing such an entrepreneurship and what have you done up to now?

Answer:

He started his work in Nangi village of Myagdi district. He worked in education, helped build schools, introduced computers and the Internet, established community clinics, supported telemedicine, developed income-generating programmes and introduced wireless networking. He also helped establish ecotourism programmes and later worked for the National Innovation Centre.

Question 5:

When was National Innovation Centre established and what is its main goal?

Answer:

The National Innovation Centre (NIC) was established on 9 December 2012. Its main goal is to retain talented, innovative and creative young people in Nepal and use their talents for the country's economic development through research and innovation.

Question 6:

Whose support are you getting to enhance your campaign?

Answer:

Pun is mainly receiving support from Nepali people and communities. The communities support his projects because they find them beneficial. Even the establishment of the National Innovation Centre has received substantial support from Nepali people.

Question 7:

How do you think that it would help in developing our country?

Answer:

Innovation can help Nepal's economic development by encouraging research, creating new products and services, developing entrepreneurship and reducing dependence on imported goods. The National Innovation Centre provides innovators with a platform and support for research and development.

Question 8:

What do you want to suggest to youths who are going abroad and living there forgetting their country?

Answer:

Pun suggests that young people going abroad should not forget Nepal. They should bring back their knowledge, skills and innovative ideas and use them to help develop Nepal. He also believes that Nepal should create better opportunities and a supportive environment for talented young people.

Question 9:

Lastly, do you have to say anything about your plan and vision?

Answer:

Pun wants young students to become innovators and entrepreneurs while they are still studying. He encourages them to participate in research and innovation activities. He also suggests that the federal, provincial and local governments should allocate part of their development budgets to establish innovation centres. (Anyflip)

WAYS WITH WORDS

A. Find the words from the text which mean the following.

a. Making you feel physically relaxed; pleasant to wear, sit on, etc.

Answer: comfortable

b. Having a degree from the university

Answer: graduate

c. Without being connected with or influenced by something or by each other

Answer: independently

d. The introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing something

Answer: innovation

e. Familiar with something, having read, seen or experienced it

Answer: acquainted

f. A person who makes money by starting or running businesses, especially when this involves taking financial risks

Answer: entrepreneur

g. An opportunity or a place for somebody to express their opinions publicly or make progress in a particular area

Answer: platform

h. To use something, especially for a practical purpose

Answer: utilize

B. Write the plural forms of the following irregular nouns.

Singular

Plural

calf

Calves

basis

Bases

sheaf

Sheaves

cactus

cacti / cactuses

louse

Lice

crisis

Crises

person

People

formula

formulae / formulas

Oxen

fungus

fungi / funguses

goose

Geese

oasis

Oases

analysis

Analyses

curriculum

curricula / curriculums

appendix

appendices / appendixes

(Anyflip)

COMPREHENSION

a. How did Mahabir Pun begin his lifelong journey in Nepal after coming back to Nepal from the US?

Answer:

He returned to Nepal after completing his education in the USA and went to his home village, Nangi. He decided not to apply for a job and worked as a volunteer teacher to help villagers establish a high school. This marked the beginning of his lifelong journey in Nepal.

b. Why didn't he want to work for other companies in the US or in Nepal?

Answer:

He wanted to work independently and do something for the benefit of human beings rather than work for a company. He wanted the freedom to try his own ideas and contribute directly to rural communities.

c. Why did he involve in innovation?

Answer:

He became involved in innovation because he saw many problems in mountain communities and wanted to find solutions. The need to solve those problems encouraged him to develop new and innovative ideas.

d. What are the income-generating programmes that he helped to start?

Answer:

He helped start programmes such as:

Yak farming
Camping grounds for trekkers
Cheese making
Jam making
Paper making
Beekeeping
Vegetable farming
Handicraft making
Fish farming

e. Whose support is Pun getting to proceed with his campaign?

Answer:

He is mainly getting support from people and communities in Nepal. The communities provide financial and other support because they consider his projects beneficial to themselves and the nation.

f. How have the developed countries become prosperous?

Answer:

Developed countries have become prosperous by giving high priority to research and innovation and investing large amounts of money in developing innovative people, technologies and industries.

g. How can we keep the most talented and innovative people in Nepal?

Answer:

We can retain talented and innovative people by creating good employment opportunities, providing a supportive environment for innovation, establishing research and innovation centres, investing in education and research, and encouraging young people to become entrepreneurs.

CRITICAL THINKING

a. Pun says, “We do not have culture of innovation that encourages young people to be innovative and creative.” Do you agree with him? Explain.

Answer:

Yes, I agree with him to some extent. Nepal has many talented young people, but they may not always receive sufficient opportunities, resources and encouragement for research and innovation. Schools, universities, communities and governments should provide better platforms, funding and guidance so that young people can develop and use their creative ideas.

b. What qualities does an individual need to become an entrepreneur?

Answer:

An entrepreneur needs:

Creativity
Innovation
Confidence
Leadership ability
Risk-taking ability
Hard work
Decision-making skills
Problem-solving ability
Patience
Communication skills
Ability to identify opportunities
Willingness to learn

WRITING

A. Writing an Informal Email

Question:

Read the given email and write a reply to it.

Answer:

To: Gregor

Subject: Re: Your Invitation

Hi Gregor,

Thanks for your email. Saturday sounds perfect to me. I'd love to come and see your new flat and the changes you've made to the kitchen.

It will be great to catch up after such a long time. I'm also looking forward to hearing about everything and telling you about my new job.

I don't have any special food preferences, so don't worry about preparing anything special.

I'll call you if I have any trouble finding your house. Thanks for giving me the directions.

See you on Saturday!

Best wishes,

Samia

B. Communiqué / Press Release

A communiqué is an official statement or communication, usually made to the press or public. A press release is an example of a communiqué. (Anyflip)

C. Write a press release statement.

Answer:

National Innovation Centre

Press Release

Kathmandu, Nepal

Date: 4 September 2026

Nepal and International Innovator Discuss Bilateral Cooperation

The Chairperson of the National Innovation Centre (NIC), Mr. Mahabir Pun, held a telephone conversation with an international innovator to discuss possibilities for bilateral cooperation in research, innovation and entrepreneurship.

During the conversation, both sides exchanged ideas and experiences on technological innovation, research and development. They discussed the importance of cooperation in developing innovative products, supporting young entrepreneurs and sharing knowledge and technology.

Mr. Pun highlighted the role of the National Innovation Centre in providing opportunities for talented and creative young people in Nepal. The foreign innovator expressed interest in cooperating with Nepali innovators and supporting research and development activities.

Both sides expressed confidence that bilateral cooperation in innovation and entrepreneurship would contribute to economic development and create new opportunities for young people.

National Innovation Centre (NIC)

Kathmandu, Nepal

GRAMMAR

Present Perfect and Past Simple

E. Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.

a. I don't know where Muna is. ______ (you/see) her?

Answer: I don't know where Muna is. Have you seen her?

b. Janak ______ (not/be) very well last week.

Answer: Janak wasn't very well last week.

c. Last night I ______ (lose) my keys. So I stayed in my friend's home.

Answer: Last night I lost my keys. So I stayed in my friend's home.

d. I ______ (lose) my keys. Can you help me look for them?

Answer: I have lost my keys. Can you help me look for them?

e. I ______ (know) Jamuna for three years. We still meet once a month.

Answer: I have known Jamuna for three years. We still meet once a month.

f. She ______ (live) in Sikkim when she was a child.

Answer: She lived in Sikkim when she was a child.

g. A: What's wrong?

B: I ______ (break) a glass.

Answer: I have broken a glass.

h. A: When ______ (you/arrive)?

B: At 10 pm last night.

Answer: When did you arrive?

i. How long ______ (you/know) Sarmila for?

Answer: How long have you known Sarmila for?

j. This is the first time I ______ (drive) a car.

Answer: This is the first time I have driven a car.

F. Use been or gone.

a. I've never ______ to Japan.

Answer: I've never been to Japan.

b. Kalpana has ______ to Korea. She may come back next year.

Answer: Kalpana has gone to Korea.

c. A: Where's Rachana?

B: She has ______ to the shops.

Answer: She has gone to the shops.

d. Harina was here earlier but I think she has ______ now.

Answer: She has gone now.

e. Have you ever ______ to London?

Answer: Have you ever been to London?

(YUMPU)

LISTENING

A. Look at the picture and answer the questions.

a. What is special about the woman in the picture?

Answer:

The woman has a physical disability and uses a wheelchair.

b. Do you have such speciality?

Answer:

No. I do not have such a physical disability.

B. Listen to the recording and answer the questions.

The textbook specifically requires the audio recording for these eight questions. The printed textbook provides the questions but not the recording/transcript. (Collegenp)

a. When did the speaker get married?