UNIT 1 — CURRENT AFFAIRS AND ISSUES

a. What do you know about Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a technology that enables computers and machines to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. It can learn from data, recognize patterns, solve problems, understand language and make decisions.

b. How do you think AI has changed the world?

AI has changed the world in many ways. It is used in education, medicine, transportation, communication, business, entertainment and security. It makes many tasks faster and easier and can perform repetitive work efficiently.

READING I — HOW DRIVERLESS CARS WILL CHANGE OUR WORLD

A. Match the words with their meanings

a. glare — ii. an intense blinding light
b. curb — i. a stone edging to a pavement or raised path
c. hail — i. to call to somebody in order to attract their attention
d. commute — ii. to travel regularly between workplace and home
e. serene — i. calm and peaceful
f. liability — ii. the state of being legally responsible for something
g. deploy — ii. to use something effectively
h. autonomous — ii. able to do things and make decisions without help from anyone else
i. perception — i. a belief or an image about how you see or understand something

B. Choose the Correct Alternative

a. One of the features of automated cars is:

iii. they have their own voice to welcome people into them.

b. Driverless technology is being widely used particularly in:

i. the USA

c. The positive impact of such technology on the environment is:

ii. it paves the way to sustainable life.

d. One of the problems with driverless technology is:

ii. it cannot deal with human drivers.

e. One of the biggest challenges of automated cars is:

i. its safety from the human environment.

f. The automated technology developed so far is:

ii. partly trustworthy.

These questions and alternatives appear in the textbook on pages 5–6.

C. Answer the Questions

a. Mention any three features of the driverless car.

It can drive without a human driver.

It uses sensors and automated technology to navigate.

It can communicate with passengers through its sound system.

b. Describe the benefits of driverless technology.

Driverless technology can make travelling safer and more convenient. It can reduce accidents caused by human error, help people travel without driving themselves, improve transportation and reduce dependence on private cars. It can also reduce carbon emissions and make cities more sustainable. It may also remove people from dangerous working environments.

c. What, according to Camilla Fowler, is the special advantage of automated vehicles?

According to Camilla Fowler, the special advantage is that automation could provide safer roads and fewer fatalities.

d. What are the problems with driverless vehicles in David Hynd's view?
According to David Hynd, driverless vehicles must deal with unpredictable human drivers. Human drivers may speed, break traffic rules or behave unexpectedly. Therefore, autonomous vehicles must be able to cope with such situations.

e. What are scientists doing to make driverless technology safer?

Scientists are testing autonomous vehicles in specially designed environments such as the Mcity Test Facility. They create difficult and unpredictable situations involving traffic, pedestrians, children, merging cars, roads and railway crossings so that autonomous vehicles can learn to handle them safely.

f. Do you think driverless technology is safer than human-controlled driving? Why?

Yes, I think driverless technology can eventually be safer because computers do not become tired, sleepy or distracted like human drivers. However, the technology must be properly tested and developed because it still has difficulty dealing with unpredictable human behaviour and unusual road situations.

D. Other Areas Where AI Is Used

1. Education: AI can provide personalized learning and help students practise difficult subjects.

2. Medicine: AI can help doctors analyse medical images and identify diseases.

3. Transportation: AI can control driverless vehicles and improve traffic management.

Pronunciation

Model pronunciations:

glare — /ɡleə(r)/

curb — /kɜːb/

junction — /ˈdʒʌŋkʃən/

carbon — /ˈkɑːbən/

car — /kɑː(r)/

president — /ˈprezɪdənt/

hurdle — /ˈhɜːdəl/

exterior — /ɪkˈstɪəriə(r)/

driver — /ˈdraɪvə(r)/

traffic — /ˈtræfɪk/

Speaking

A. Report the remarks

1. “It's got to be able to cope with human drivers speeding.”

David Hynd said that driverless vehicles had to be able to cope with human drivers who were speeding.

2. “The whole insurance industry is looking into how they're going to deal with the change...”

Richard Jinks said that the insurance industry was considering how to deal with the change from humans being responsible for driving to vehicles being responsible.

3. “Good evening, this car is all yours—with no one upfront.”

The automated car welcomed the passenger and told them that the car was completely theirs and that there was no driver in front.

4. “Driverless vehicles should be a very calm and serene way of getting from A to B.”

David Hynd said that driverless vehicles should provide a calm and peaceful way of travelling.

B. Change into Reported Speech

a. Teacher — “I am very busy now.”

The teacher said that he/she was very busy then.

b. Sister — “The cows have been fed.”

My sister said that the cows had been fed.

c. Sohan — “I know your address.”

Sohan said that he knew my address.

d. Ramila — “I don't believe you.”

Ramila said that she did not believe me.

e. Alice — “I am too late to go out.”

Alice said that she was too late to go out.

f. Sophie — “My family is very supportive to me.”

Sophie said that her family was very supportive of her.

Grammar I — Reported Speech: Statements

A. Matching

a. Khushi said... → v. Khushi said that she went to school every day by bus.

b. Karma said... → i. Karma apologised for coming late.

c. Susan says... → ii. Susan says that she will leave for Bhanu the following week.

d. Tshering said... → iii. Tshering promised me to meet that Saturday.

e. The bus leaves... → iv. The agent informed us that the bus left at six.

f. I have already finished... → vii. She said that she had already finished her project work.

g. I work from home... → vi. Yanjal said that he worked from home those days.

B. Reporting Verbs

a. He admitted that he had broken the mirror.

b. Pemba advised me to see a doctor.

c. The librarian warned me not to make a noise again.

d. Raman offered to help me plant rice.

e. The assistant informed us that the classes started from the following week.

f. Sonam thanked me for my help.

g. Prakriti promised to return my money by Saturday.

h. Anupam agreed/promised to work hard and get good grades.

i. The speaker apologised for coming late.

Writing I

Newspaper Article: Challenges Brought by AI

Artificial Intelligence: New Opportunities and Challenges

By a Grade 10 Student

Artificial Intelligence has become an important part of modern technology. It has made people's lives easier by helping them in education, medicine, transportation, communication and business.

However, the rapid development of AI has also brought several challenges. Many people are worried that machines may replace human workers in some jobs. AI can also be misused to spread false information and commit cybercrime. Privacy is another major concern because AI systems can collect and process large amounts of personal information.

Therefore, AI should be developed and used responsibly. Governments, technology companies and users should establish appropriate rules to ensure that AI benefits society without harming people.

Reading II — Open Letter to UN Secretary-General

A. Fill in the blanks

Words: tackle, corporate, outrage, catalyse, at stake, net-zero, expertise

a. The corporate headquarters of the company is in Dubai.

b. According to Greta, the leaders are failing to tackle the key issues.

c. Some viruses catalyse the step in the production of other viruses.

d. His expertise in business helped him greatly to run the company.

e. Government of Nepal plans to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to net-zero.

f. He does not have good knowledge of business. So, he has put his investment at stake.

g. His controversial remarks caused public outrage.

B. True / False / Not Given

a. Save the Children congratulates Antonio Guterres on his recent appointment as the General Secretary of the UN. False

b. The Youth Advisory Group was announced on the request of children between 18–21 years of age. Not Given

c. The dissatisfaction is that the representation of children is not inclusive. True

d. Greta Thunberg protested for the right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment. True

e. The children demand their physical safety in the UK and Italy. False

f. The children think that they can participate in decision making to fight against the climate crisis. True

C. Answer the Questions

a. Where is the office of the UN Secretary-General?

It is at the United Nations Secretariat, 42nd Street, New York, NY 10017.

b. What is the purpose of writing this letter?

The purpose is to request Antonio Guterres to include children and adolescents below 18 in the Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change.

c. Why was the Youth Advisory Group announced?

It was established to bring young climate leaders into decision-making and planning processes and to advise the UN Secretary-General on accelerating global climate action.

d. What roles have children played during the climate crisis?

Children have participated in school strikes, social-media campaigns and street protests. They have spoken with political and corporate leaders and demanded action for a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment.

e. Describe Greta Thunberg and Fabrizio's contributions.

Greta Thunberg helped spark the global climate movement through her solo protest in 2018. Fabrizio, a 16-year-old boy from Peru, spoke about the urgent need to protect the future of children and called for immediate climate action.

f. What is the final demand of the children?

They demand that children and adolescents below 18 be included in decision-making processes concerning climate change and be given meaningful opportunities to contribute their knowledge and experience.

D. Student's Role in Reducing Climate Change

As a student, I can help reduce climate change by saving electricity and water, planting trees, avoiding unnecessary plastic, using public transportation or walking when possible, reducing waste, recycling materials and educating others about environmental protection.

Listening — Climate Change

The textbook's listening exercise asks students to listen to an audio recording about climate change.

A. What does the picture depict?

It depicts climate change/global warming and its effects on the Earth.

B. Complete the sentences

a. Pollution and deforestation are two human activities responsible for the rise in Earth's temperature.

b. Some gases allow sunlight to enter the Earth but prevent heat from escaping.

c. Burning fossil fuels causes the rise of greenhouse gases.

d. Our oceans, weather, food sources and health have been affected by climate change.

e. Storms, floods, heatwaves, and longer and more frequent droughts are extreme weather conditions.

f. Ozone particles increase quickly at ground level.

g. Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy do not produce greenhouse gases.

Note: Listening answers depend on the textbook audio; where wording varies in the recording, the meaning above is the intended answer.

C. Short Answers

a. What is the major cause behind the rise in Earth's temperature?

The major cause is human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels and the resulting increase in greenhouse gases.

b. Name any three gases that trap heat.

Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.

c. What causes weather extremes?

Climate change and the increase in greenhouse gases cause extreme weather conditions.

d. What causes health problems such as asthma, heart disease and lung cancer?

Air pollution causes these health problems.

e. What is the alternative to fossil fuels?

Renewable energy such as solar, wind and hydropower.

Grammar II — Reported Speech

A. Choose the correct alternatives

a. Abhilasha said that she witnessed the accident.

b. The teacher explained that the earth revolves round the sun.

c. Smarika says that she can't stay here anymore.

d. Sachita says that she loves to listen to music.

e. My brother reported that he had completed his homework.

f. My father said that the sun is very hot.

g. Jenifer said that she wanted to be a nurse.

B. Rewrite in Indirect Speech

Raima said that they had to cross the river and go ahead.

Smarika told her friends that she would meet them the next day.

Chandani said that she could not come to school the next day.

Dorje said that he was sorry and that he could not lend me any money that day.

The teacher said that then we could solve the remaining problems ourselves.

The police said that the incident had probably taken place the previous day.

I told him that I lived in Changunarayan those days.

They told us that they would like to join us too.

The science teacher said that coal gives off thick smoke.

Resham said that she had never seen such a strange animal anywhere else.

The father said that he loved his children more than wealth.

Writing II — Letter to the Mayor

Jaleshwar-5, Mahottari
12 August 2026

The Mayor
Jaleshwar Municipality
Mahottari, Nepal

Subject: Request to Include Children in Decision-Making

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to request your municipality to involve representatives of children in the decision-making process concerning children's issues.

Children are important members of society, and many decisions directly affect their education, health, safety, recreation and future. Therefore, their opinions should also be heard.

I kindly request the municipality to establish a child-friendly forum or advisory group where children's representatives can express their ideas and concerns. Such participation would help the municipality develop policies and programmes that better address children's needs.

I hope you will consider this request positively.

Yours faithfully,
A Student

Project Work

Five Current-Affairs News Items — Model Answer

Climate Change: Countries are working to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions.

Artificial Intelligence: AI is increasingly being used in education, business and transportation.

Renewable Energy: Solar and wind energy are expanding as alternatives to fossil fuels.

Education: Governments continue to introduce programmes to improve access to quality education.

Digital Security: Internet users are being encouraged to use stronger passwords and safer online practices.

These can be arranged as a newspaper front page with a newspaper name, date, headlines, photographs and short news reports.

Important correction

The textbook itself states that all contents and tasks are important and includes activities for listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary, grammar and language functions. So I will not skip the vocabulary, listening, speaking, grammar, writing or project exercises as I did in the previous answer.

Next part: Unit 2 through Unit 18, with every exercise and answer, in the same question → answer format.

UNIT 2 — FESTIVALS AND CELEBRATIONS

Complete Exercise Answers

I’m using the Grade 10 English Updated Edition 2025 you uploaded. Unit 2 covers Battle of the Oranges, Thanksgiving around the World, reported questions, pronunciation, listening, writing and project work.

1. GETTING STARTED

Look at the pictures of Holi, Machhindranath Jatra, Eid and Biska Jatra and discuss them.

a. What is the man in the picture doing?

The man is participating in a festival. He appears to be enjoying the festival and taking part in its traditional activities.

b. Which is your favourite festival? Tell the class about it.

My favourite festival is Dashain. It is one of the biggest festivals in Nepal. During Dashain, family members gather together, receive tika and blessings from elders, eat delicious food and visit relatives. The festival teaches us love, respect, unity and the importance of family.

READING I — BATTLE OF THE ORANGES

A. Match the Words with Their Meanings

The exercise gives seven words and seven meanings.

Word	Answer
a. mush	iii. a soft thick mass or mixture
b. jerk	v. to make something move with a sudden short sharp movement
c. concussion	vi. a temporary loss of consciousness
d. hurl	i. to throw something violently in a particular direction
e. pulp	vii. the soft part inside fruits and vegetables
f. clutch	ii. to hold something tightly
g. sip	iv. to drink something, taking a very small amount each time

Final Answers:

a–iii, b–v, c–vi, d–i, e–vii, f–ii, g–iv

B. True or False

The statements are based directly on the Battle of the Oranges text.

a. The tourists are informed to wear a red hat through public notices.

True

Public notices around Ivrea tell tourists to wear a red hat.

b. Aranceri seem dressed in Doctor Whoesque costumes.

True

The text says that the orange-throwers on horse-drawn carriages wear Doctor Whoesque costumes with padded shoulders and leather-covered helmets.

c. When a cart approaches, aranceri run away from the square.

False

They run towards the cart and bombard it with oranges.

d. The narrator feels bored during the festival period.

False

The narrator is curious and interested in the festival, although she is also frightened by the possibility of being injured.

e. The volunteers encourage the visitors to join the battle.

False

The volunteers advise the public to stay behind protective nets.

f. The narrator accepts Massi's offer.

False

The narrator is tempted but declines Massi's invitation.

C. Answer the Questions

a. What does the red hat symbolize?

The red berretto frigio symbolizes the carnival and freedom. The text explains that it was worn by freed slaves in Roman times and later by peasants who rebelled against feudal lords.

b. How does the narrator feel when she wipes her face?

The narrator feels shocked and frightened when she discovers blood on her face after being hit by an orange. She thinks that she may need stitches and may have suffered a concussion.

c. What does the square look like after an hour of the Battle of the Oranges?

After an hour, the square is covered with thick sludge made of orange pulp and horse manure. It smells sharp and sweet-and-sour.

d. How do aranceri members chase the cart?

When a cart approaches, the aranceri charge it and throw oranges at the people on the cart. After the cart moves away, they chase it for some distance and throw the remaining oranges.

e. Does Silvia enjoy this carnival? Why?

Yes, Silvia greatly enjoys the carnival. She considers it good for psychological health because she can release all the frustrations she has accumulated during the year. After participating, she feels refreshed.

f. Why does Massi say, “Forget the nets”?

Massi says this because he believes that people must be in the middle of the battle to truly experience the carnival. He thinks that the excitement and enjoyment of participating are worth the risk of getting a black eye or minor injury.

D. Strange Festivals Around the World

The textbook asks students to collect information about a unique festival and share it with the class.

Model La Tomatina

La Tomatina is a famous festival celebrated in Buñol, Spain. During the festival, participants throw tomatoes at one another. Thousands of people take part in this colourful and unusual event. It is celebrated as a form of entertainment and community celebration. The streets become covered with tomato pulp. It is one of the world's most famous food-fighting festivals.

PRONUNCIATION

The textbook asks you to identify the number of syllables and the stressed syllable.

Word	Number of syllables	Stressed syllable
retreat	2	2^nd
concussion	3	2^nd
opponent	3	2^nd
succession	3	2^nd
explode	2	2^nd
celebration	4	3^rd
consciousness	4	1^st
liberty	3	1^st

In easy form:

re-TREAT

con-CUS-sion

op-PO-nent

suc-CES-sion

ex-PLODE

cel-e-BRA-tion

CON-scious-ness

LIB-er-ty

SPEAKING

The textbook gives the model:

Direct:
“Arn't you afraid of getting hurt?”

Reported:
The reporter asked Massi if he was not afraid of getting hurt.

The exercise then asks students to report questions in pairs. Since those pair-work questions are not printed in the supplied text, there is no fixed written answer to reproduce.

Model examples:

Direct: “Do you enjoy the festival?”

Reported: He asked me if I enjoyed the festival.

Direct: “Where do you live?”

Reported: She asked me where I lived.

Direct: “Have you visited the festival?”

Reported: He asked me if I had visited the festival.

GRAMMAR I — REPORTED QUESTIONS

A. Change into Indirect Speech

The textbook gives ten questions.

a. “Are you working tonight?”

Agaman asked Timothy if he was working that night.

b. “Is this the road to the station?”

A stranger wanted to know from me if that was the road to the station.

c. “Did you do your homework?”

My friend inquired of her if she had done her homework.

d. “Have you been to Paris?”

The tourist was asked if he/she had been to Paris.

e. “How long have you been working in this company?”

Usha inquired of Anju how long she had been working in that company.

f. “What flavour ice cream did you have at the party?”

My mother asked me what flavour of ice cream I had had at the party.

g. “Have you studied reported speech before?”

The teacher wanted to know if I had studied reported speech before.

h. “Where will you stay tonight?”

I asked him where he would stay that night.

i. “How many players were shown yellow card by the referee?”

Sumangal asked his friend how many players had been shown yellow cards by the referee.

j. “What magic did the medicine have on the patient?”

Sarita wanted to know from Sommaya what magic the medicine had had on the patient.

B. Change into Reported Speech

a. Kritika asked me, “Why did you go out last night?”

Kritika asked me why I had gone out the previous night.

b. “Who was that beautiful woman, Usha?” said Sunita.

Sunita asked Usha who that beautiful woman had been.

c. “How is your mother?” said Gaurab to Yang Dolma.

Gaurab asked Yang Dolma how her mother was.

d. My friend wanted to know, “What are you going to do at the weekend?”

My friend wanted to know what I was going to do at the weekend.

e. “Where will you live after graduation?” said my teacher.

My teacher asked me where I would live after graduation.

f. Anusha said to Melisha, “What were you doing when I saw you?”

Anusha asked Melisha what she had been doing when Anusha had seen her.

g. I said to the pilgrim, “How was the journey?”

I asked the pilgrim how the journey had been.

h. “How often do you go to cinema?” said Krishna.

Krishna asked me how often I went to the cinema.

i. “Do you live in Patan?” said the Principal.

The Principal asked me if I lived in Patan.

j. Niraj said to Luniva, “Did Phadindra arrive on time?”

Niraj asked Luniva if Phadindra had arrived on time.

WRITING I

The textbook asks for an essay about a festival celebrated in the student's community, including its history, people involved, activities, importance, duration and drawbacks.

Dashain — A Major Festival of Nepal

Dashain is one of the biggest and most important festivals celebrated in Nepal. It is celebrated with great enthusiasm by people throughout the country. The festival is mainly associated with the victory of good over evil.

Dashain usually lasts for fifteen days, although the major celebrations take place during the important days of the festival. Ghatasthapana, Phulpati, Maha Ashtami, Maha Navami and Vijaya Dashami are important days.

During Dashain, people return to their homes from different parts of the country and abroad. Families gather together, worship deities, prepare delicious food and wear new clothes. On Vijaya Dashami, younger members receive tika and blessings from elders.

The festival has great social and cultural importance. It strengthens family relationships and promotes unity. However, excessive expenditure, gambling, unnecessary slaughter of animals and environmental pollution can be some drawbacks.

Overall, Dashain is an important festival that teaches us the value of family, culture, blessings and togetherness.

READING II — THANKSGIVING AROUND THE WORLD

Getting Started

a. What are the main festivals celebrated in your community?

Major festivals celebrated in my community include Dashain, Tihar, Chhath, Holi, Eid, Ram Navami, Buddha Jayanti and other local cultural festivals.

b. Why are they celebrated?

They are celebrated for religious, cultural, historical and social reasons. Festivals help people worship, express gratitude, preserve traditions, meet relatives and strengthen community relationships.

A. Vocabulary

Find the words in the text that match the meanings.

a. in a way occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous or steady

intermittently

b. to remind people of an important event or person from the past

commemorate

c. in a way that shows the usual qualities or features of a particular type of person or thing

typically

d. a curved shape that is wide in the middle and pointed at each end

crescent-shaped

e. full of life and energy

vibrant

f. a person who is having fun in a noisy way, usually with a group of other people

reveller

g. from or in another country; seeming exciting and unusual

exotic

h. to spread through and be easy to notice

pervade

i. brightly coloured and likely to attract attention

flamboyant

j. done quickly and with a lot of activities, but not very well organized

frantic

B. Match the Activities with Countries

The textbook describes Thanksgiving traditions in several countries.

a. Families gather for a feast in the evening accompanied by dancing and singing.

Liberia

b. People wear new clothes and get community blessings.

Iran

c. Palm nut soup, fish and traditional Kpokoi are served.

Ghana

d. People return to their hometowns to celebrate the festival.

South Korea

e. Celebrants go to the beach in a noisy way.

Brazil

f. Parades are taken out in the streets.

USA

g. Food and wine are offered to the forefathers.

South Korea

C. Answer the Questions

a. What is the main feature of American Thanksgiving?

The main feature is a large family Thanksgiving dinner. Americans traditionally eat turkey, mashed potatoes, sweet potatoes, sweet corn and other vegetables. Family gatherings are central to the celebration.

b. What do parades include in Thanksgiving in America?

The parades include marching bands, floats and huge balloons. Macy's Thanksgiving Parade in New York is particularly famous and features balloons based on cartoon characters, Broadway shows and other themes.

c. When and why is Chuseok celebrated in Korea?

Chuseok is celebrated on the 15th day of August according to the lunar calendar. It is celebrated to commemorate the fall harvest and honour ancestors.

d. How did Thanksgiving begin in Brazil?

Thanksgiving in Brazil began after former Brazilian President Gaspar Dutra visited the USA. He was fascinated by the American holiday and established the festival in Brazil in 1949.

e. Who started Thanksgiving in Liberia? Why was it started?

Thanksgiving in Liberia was founded in the 19th century by liberated American slaves. It was started to give thanks for freedom and to remember their difficult past.

f. What is Thanksgiving celebrated for in Barbados?

The Crop Over festival in Barbados originally celebrated the sugar cane harvest. It has been celebrated since the 1780s and now includes carnivals, calypso music and dancing.

g. What is Homowo marked in Ghana?

Homowo marks the end of a long famine suffered by the Ghanaian people. The festival celebrates the end of hunger and shortage with food, singing, dancing and drumming.

D. Thanksgiving in Our Community

Question:

How do people extend their gratitude for food and harvest in your community?

In my community, people express gratitude for food and harvest through festivals and religious ceremonies. They offer food to gods and ancestors, share meals with family members, distribute food to neighbours and people in need, and thank nature and farmers for providing food. During festivals such as Chhath and other harvest-related celebrations, people perform religious rituals and share traditional foods.

LISTENING

A. Look at the Pictures

The pictures represent special days such as April Fool's Day, Earth Day, Mother's Day, Father's Day and New Year's Eve.

a. What do you see in the pictures?

I see people celebrating different special days and participating in activities related to those occasions.

b. What special days do they denote?

They denote:

April Fool's Day

Earth Day

Mother's Day

Father's Day

New Year's Eve

B. Likes/Dislikes

The textbook requires listening to the five speakers and marking whether they like or dislike each special day.

Important: The actual audio is required to determine these five answers accurately. The uploaded text contains the questions but does not contain the audio responses, so I won't invent the answers.

C. True / False

Again, these answers depend on the audio recording. The statements are:

Speaker 1

a. One of his co-workers played tricks on everyone.
b. He had a wonderful time.

Speaker 2

a. The book club planted flowers.
b. He didn't go anywhere on Earth Day.

Speaker 3

a. Her mother did not enjoy them making a mess in the kitchen.
b. The kids served the mother breakfast in bed.

Speaker 4

a. He had a party with his friends.
b. He went to a big family dinner.

Speaker 5

a. She went to a great party.
b. The neighbours had a noisy party.

These require the CDC listening audio for reliable True/False answers.

D. Speaking

Tell the class about a special day you celebrated this year.

Model

This year I celebrated Dashain with my family. My relatives came home from different places. We cleaned and decorated our house and prepared delicious food. On Vijaya Dashami, I received tika and blessings from my elders. We also visited relatives and spent time together. I enjoyed the festival because it gave me an opportunity to meet my family members and celebrate our culture.

GRAMMAR II — REPORTED QUESTIONS

A. Choose the Correct Alternatives

The textbook provides seven questions.

Sujita asked her mother when her father would come home.

She replied that she had never had caviar when I said to her, “Have you ever had caviar?”

The salesperson said to him, “What can I do for you?”

The tourist inquired from me whether I belonged to Banepa.

The little girl asked us what time we were supposed to come back.

The head teacher asked her whether she had filled out the exam form the week before.

Renuka asked me if I had called her.

B. Convert the Report into Direct Questions

The report describes an interview with Social Studies teacher Mr. Sudeep Prasad Joshi about the Newari tradition of Ihi/Bel Bibaha.

Direct questions asked by Nihar:

1. What is Ihi?

2. Why is Ihi done?

3. Why was the tradition started?

4. At what age is Ihi performed?

5. Why is it known as Bel Bibaha?

6. Why is the bel fruit chosen?

7. Why is the bel fruit considered special?

8. How long does the ritual continue?

9. What food and drinks are prohibited during the ceremony?

WRITING II — NEWS STORY

The textbook provides clues about a Vitamin A and deworming programme.

Vitamin A Capsules Distributed to Children

Health Assistants Distribute Vitamin A Capsules

Kathmandu, October 20:
Health assistants have distributed Vitamin A capsules to children across the country as part of the national Vitamin A programme.

The programme was conducted on October 19 and 20 for children aged six months to five years. Along with Vitamin A capsules, deworming tablets were provided to children between one and five years of age.

The programme was announced by the Department of Health Services. The Vitamin A programme has been running since 2050 B.S., while the deworming programme has continued since 2056 B.S.

Health authorities have urged parents to ensure that eligible children receive the supplements because Vitamin A and deworming medicine are important for children's health and development.

PROJECT WORK

The textbook asks students to prepare a questionnaire about local festivals, collect information from friends, prepare a brief report and present it to the class.

A. Questionnaire

Survey on Local Festivals

What is your favourite local festival?

When is it celebrated?

Why is it celebrated?

Who mainly celebrates it?

What are the major activities?

What traditional foods are prepared?

What traditional clothes are worn?

What religious activities are performed?

How long does the festival last?

What do you like most about the festival?

B. Sample Brief Report

Report on Local Festivals

A survey was conducted among students to collect information about local festivals. Ten students participated in the survey.

The students mentioned Dashain, Tihar, Chhath, Holi, Eid and other local festivals as their favourite celebrations. Most students said that festivals are important because they preserve culture, bring families together and provide opportunities to meet relatives and friends.

The major activities include worshipping, visiting relatives, preparing traditional food, wearing traditional clothes, singing, dancing and participating in cultural programmes.

The survey showed that festivals play an important role in maintaining cultural identity and strengthening social relationships.

Prepared by:
Grade 10 Student

⭐ UNIT 2 — QUICK EXAM ANSWERS

Battle of the Oranges

Place: Ivrea, Italy

Special hat: Berretto frigio

Hat symbolizes: Freedom and the carnival

Orange throwers: Aranceri

Opponents: People on horse-drawn carriages

Main activity: Throwing oranges

Silvia's opinion: Good for psychological health

Massi's opinion: Risk is worth the excitement

Thanksgiving Around the World

Country	Festival/Tradition
USA	Thanksgiving
South Korea	Chuseok
Brazil	Dia de Acao de Gracas
Liberia	Thanksgiving
Barbados	Crop Over
Ghana	Homowo
Iran	Mehregan

The textbook presents these festivals as different cultural forms of expressing gratitude, celebrating harvests, remembering history and strengthening family/community relationships.

Main Grammar

Yes/No question:

“Are you happy?”
→ He asked me if I was happy.

Wh-question:

“Where do you live?”
→ He asked me where I lived.

Question with present perfect:

“Have you finished?”
→ He asked me if I had finished.

Question with will:

“Where will you go?”
→ He asked me where I would go.

UNIT 3 — HEALTH AND WELLNESS

1. GETTING STARTED

The unit begins with the 8 dimensions of wellness and asks students to discuss them.

The eight dimensions of wellness

Physical wellness – taking care of the body through exercise, food, sleep and hygiene.

Emotional wellness – understanding and managing feelings.

Social wellness – maintaining healthy relationships with family, friends and society.

Intellectual wellness – learning, thinking and developing knowledge.

Spiritual wellness – having values, purpose and meaning in life.

Occupational wellness – satisfaction and balance in work or study.

Financial wellness – managing money responsibly.

Environmental wellness – maintaining a healthy relationship with the environment.

READING I — A LETTER FROM A PATIENT

The letter is written by a mother who took her nine-week-old baby to hospital after the baby developed a very high fever. Although the baby's medical treatment and health outcome were good, the mother's experience with some health workers was unsatisfactory.

Getting Started

a. Who do you think the woman is?

The woman appears to be a mother or a health-care worker. From the reading, she is actually a mother who is also a health-care worker.

b. What is she doing?

She is taking care of a patient, probably a child, and communicating with health-care staff.

c. Have you ever been to hospital for treatment? How did the hospital staff treat you?

Model
Yes, I have visited a hospital for treatment. The hospital staff treated me politely and provided the necessary care and medicines. They explained the treatment process and advised me about how to recover.

A. Match the Words with Their Meanings

The textbook provides nine words and their meanings.

Word	Meaning	Answer
a. nightmare	a very unpleasant or frightening experience	iii
b. pediatric	relating to medical care of children	iv
c. intravenous	into or connected to a vein	v
d. priority	something regarded as more important than others	ii
e. medications	treatment using drugs	i
f. confidante	a person with whom private matters are discussed	ix
g. deprivation	lack of something considered necessary	viii
h. vulnerable	in need of special care, support or protection	vi
i. dreadful	very bad or unpleasant	vii

Final Answers:

a–iii, b–iv, c–v, d–ii, e–i, f–ix, g–viii, h–vi, i–vii

B. True or False

a. The sender of the letter was happy with the service of the health workers.

False

The baby's medical care was successful, but the mother's overall experience with the health workers was unsatisfactory.

b. The staff of different departments in the hospital had harmonious relationships with each other.

False

Different health workers repeatedly complained about one another.

c. The hospital staff were concerned with the requirements of the sick child.

False

The writer felt that staff were too focused on their own problems and egos instead of concentrating on her sick baby.

d. The staff of the hospital shared their personal feelings with the writer.

True

They complained to her about their colleagues and told her how busy they were.

e. The chart was unclear about the patient's gender.

False

The mother believes that the paperwork clearly indicated that the baby was female, but many health workers still referred to her as male.

f. The author took the mistakes of the health workers normally.

False

She was disappointed and concerned about their mistakes and lack of attention.

g. The writer seems to be more sincere in her duty than the hospital staff.

True

She says that she herself is a health-care worker and promises to become more conscious of what she says to patients and their families.

C. Answer the Questions

a. What was the nightmare for the author?

The nightmare was that her nine-week-old baby developed an extremely high fever, forcing the family to rush to hospital. Although the baby recovered, the mother's experience with some hospital staff was deeply disappointing.

b. What do you think the main purpose of this letter is?

The main purpose is to make health-care workers aware of their responsibilities towards patients and their families. The writer wants them to communicate positively, work together, listen carefully and make patients feel that they are important.

c. According to the author, what was the main weakness of the hospital staff?

Their main weakness was their poor professional attitude and lack of teamwork. They complained about one another, focused on their own problems and sometimes failed to give adequate attention to the patient.

d. Did the nurses really say “your daughter is not a priority”? Why did the author think so?

No, the nurses did not literally say those words. They repeatedly told the mother, “I am so busy today.” Because her daughter's medicines were sometimes late, she interpreted their words as meaning that her daughter was not a priority.

e. What do the patients and their families expect from health workers?

They expect health workers to:

care for them properly;

listen to them;

communicate politely;

give them accurate information;

show concern and empathy;

work together as a team;

make them feel that they are a priority;

provide positive support and confidence.

The writer specifically asks health workers to reassure patients and their families that they are being cared for.

f. List the questions that the author was asked frequently in the hospital.

“Was she premature?”

“Was your delivery normal?”

She was asked these same questions repeatedly by physicians and their students.

g. Why did the health workers make gender errors about the author's daughter?

The health workers referred to the baby as male even though she was a girl. The author believes that this happened because the staff were careless and did not pay enough attention to the patient's records and details.

h. According to the author, how do people perceive the career of health workers?

People understand that health care is not a glamorous career. They believe health workers choose the profession because they want to help sick people recover. Therefore, health workers should behave in a way that confirms this belief.

D. Discussion

If you become a health worker in the future, what would be your priority?

Model
If I become a health worker, my first priority will be the health, safety and comfort of my patients. I will treat patients politely and respectfully. I will listen carefully to their problems, maintain accurate records, explain treatment clearly and cooperate with other health workers. I will also make their families feel confident and supported.

PRONUNCIATION

The textbook asks students to divide the words according to the sounds /ʊ/ and /uː/.

Short /ʊ/

book

cook

foot

good

look

hook

stood

took

wood

wool

Long /uː/

food

moon

noon

roof

school

too

zoo

zoom

mood

SPEAKING

A. Act out the conversation

The model conversation requires reporting an imperative:

Guard: Don't take photographs.
Friend: What did the guard tell you?
You: He told me not to take photographs.

B. Report the following instructions

a. Mother: “Come home early.”

Mother told me to come home early.

b. Doctor: “Drink plenty of water.”

The doctor advised me to drink plenty of water.

c. Guard: “Don't touch the paintings.”

The guard warned me not to touch the paintings.

d. Librarian: “Keep your mobile phone in flight mode.”

The librarian instructed me to keep my mobile phone in flight mode.

e. Teacher: “Arrive at school on time.”

The teacher told me to arrive at school on time.

f. Air hostess: “Fasten your seat belt.”

The air hostess instructed me to fasten my seat belt.

g. Brother: “Wash your clothes yourself.”

My brother told me to wash my clothes myself.

C. Paper Boat — Reported Instructions

The textbook gives nine instructions for making a paper boat.

Reported version:

He told me to fold the paper in half on the longest side.

He told me to fold it in half again on the longest side and open it out once.

He instructed me to fold the top two corners to the middle line.

He told me to fold the bottom strip up on each side.

He told me to put my thumbs inside the triangle.

He instructed me to open it out into a diamond shape.

He told me to fold the bottom half up on each side.

He told me to put my thumbs inside and open it out.

He instructed me to pull the outer corners of the triangles out to make the boat.

GRAMMAR I — REPORTED IMPERATIVES

The textbook explains that imperative sentences can express commands, requests, advice, instructions and suggestions. In reported speech, the imperative generally changes to an infinitive; negative imperatives use not + infinitive.

B. Change into Indirect Speech

a. “Please help me fix this machine.”

She requested me to help her fix that machine.

b. “Don't please switch on the fan.”

The electrician requested me not to switch on the fan.

c. “Help me with my homework, please.”

My friend requested me to help him/her with his/her homework.

d. “Lend me some money, please.”

She requested me to lend her some money.

e. “Do your homework!”

The teacher told me to do my homework.

f. “Don't smoke!”

The doctor advised me not to smoke.

g. “Don't make a mess!”

My mother told me not to make a mess.

WRITING I — EMAIL

Email to the Patient's Mother

To: patient@example.com
Subject: Apology for Our Behaviour and Assurance of Better Service

Dear Madam,

I am writing on behalf of our hospital staff to sincerely apologise for the unpleasant experience you had during your daughter's treatment.

We are sorry that some members of our staff complained about their colleagues in front of you and did not make you feel that your daughter was our priority. We also regret the repeated questions and the mistake concerning your daughter's gender.

Your comments have helped us understand our weaknesses. We will improve our communication, teamwork, record keeping and behaviour towards patients and their families. We will make every effort to provide respectful, caring and professional service in the future.

Please accept our sincere apology.

Yours sincerely,
A Hospital Staff Member

The writing task specifically asks for an email from a hospital staff member apologising and assuring the patient's mother of improved services.

READING II — A HEALTHY DIET FOR A HEALTHY LIFE

The speech discusses diet-related diseases, obesity, healthy lifestyles, research, innovation and cooperation.

A. Define the Words/Phrases

a. Wonderfood

A food believed to have exceptional health benefits.

b. Cardiovascular diseases

Diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels.

c. Bioeconomy

An economy based on renewable biological resources and their sustainable use.

d. Demographic change

Changes in the size, structure or distribution of a population.

e. Multidisciplinary approach

An approach that combines knowledge and methods from different fields.

f. Economic inequalities

Differences between people or groups in their income, wealth and economic opportunities.

g. Neurological disorders

Diseases or disorders affecting the brain, spinal cord or nervous system.

h. Biomarkers

Measurable biological indicators used to identify or monitor a disease or health condition.

B. Complete the Sentences

The exercise asks students to use words from the speech.

The children were especially delighted that there were enough cookies for each of them to have two.

The organization held its annual conference in New York this year.

It is cooperation that makes any organization a successful one.

Your life changes dramatically if you perform well in your study.

Mr. Gurung is leaving the job because of cardiovascular disease.

Early diagnosis of a disease helps us to cure it soon.

We have faced an unprecedented level of climate change at present.

The patient may need blood work or other biomarkers to determine his specific health problem.

The world looked for different strategies to find the solution to COVID-19.

C. Choose the Correct Alternatives

a. The greatest public health challenge at present is:

iii. obesity

b. The Joint Programming Initiative will bring the ______ of member states together.

iv. knowledge

c. The health care innovation chain begins from:

i. researchers

d. The need behind multidisciplinary approach is:

i. the unchanged pattern of food purchase and consumption

e. Through this speech, the speaker wants to:

iv. appeal to the members of EU for collaborative efforts in research and innovation

D. Answer the Questions

a. What topic is the speaker talking about when she says, “It's a topic that's never out of the media…”?

She is talking about healthy diets, food and nutrition, including debates about carbohydrates, fats, sugar, protein and so-called wonder foods.

b. According to the speaker, what is the cause of obesity among children in the EU?

The major causes are poor diet and low physical activity. The speaker says that both have been getting worse among children.

c. What should people do to prevent diseases like type 2 diabetes?

People should adopt healthier diets and lifestyles, eat nutritious food and remain physically active. Better lifestyles can help prevent or modify diseases such as type 2 diabetes.

d. What is Horizon 2020?

Horizon 2020 is Europe's 80-billion-euro research and innovation programme, designed to tackle major social challenges.

e. Why is research very important to fight against health challenges?

Research helps scientists understand diseases, improve early diagnosis, develop treatments and medicines, and create effective strategies for preventing diseases.

f. What result can Horizon 2020 give if it is implemented effectively?

It can produce innovative and effective products, treatments, services and strategies that improve people's health and prevent many diseases.

g. What results does the speaker expect from the conference?

She expects the conference to produce innovative ideas, useful discussions and positive results for research and innovation in healthy diets and healthy lives.

h. Do you think people of the EU will benefit from this conference?

Yes. They can benefit from better research on nutrition, healthier diets, improved disease prevention and treatment, and innovative health services. Cooperation among countries can also help solve common health problems.

E. Speech — Importance of Exercise for a Healthy Life

Importance of Exercise for Healthy Life

Good morning respected teacher and my dear friends,

Today I am going to speak about the importance of exercise for a healthy life.

Exercise is essential for keeping our body and mind healthy. Regular physical activity strengthens our muscles and bones, improves blood circulation and helps maintain a healthy body weight. It also reduces the risk of many lifestyle-related diseases.

Exercise is not only good for our physical health. It also improves our mental health. Walking, running, playing sports and doing yoga can reduce stress and make us feel fresh and energetic.

Therefore, we should make exercise a regular part of our daily lives. We do not always need expensive equipment. Walking, cycling, running and playing outdoor games can also keep us fit.

Thank you.

LISTENING — LACTOSE INTOLERANCE

The textbook asks students to listen to an interview with Dr. Carla Shapiro.

Because the audio recording itself is not contained in the supplied text, I won't invent exact audio answers. The questions are:

B. Complete the sentences

a. Dr. Carla Shapiro talks about ________ in this interview.

b. All babies have ________ that helps to break the sugar in milk.

c. People from ________ generally do not suffer from lactose intolerance.

d. The culture of consuming ________ developed the ability to break down lactose.

e. Food industries have produced ________ products for people who have lactose intolerance.

C. Answer the questions

a. According to the doctor, what is a big problem for many people?

b. What are two digestive problems?

c. What percentage of the world population is lactose intolerant?

d. Why did people begin to depend on milk?

e. Write an alternative for people who are lactose intolerant.

D. Discussion

Model
Other digestive problems include indigestion, constipation, diarrhoea, food intolerance and irritable bowel syndrome. Eating a balanced diet, drinking enough water, exercising regularly and maintaining good eating habits can help prevent many digestive problems.

GRAMMAR II — REPORTED IMPERATIVES

A. Choose the Correct Words

The doctor told me to do some exercise every day.

She said, “Don't shout.”

The doctor forbade me to eat junk food.

I told her, “Speak slowly.”

Sumina promised not to tell anyone.

My mother said, “Get out of bed early!”

The mountain guide warned him to take the oxygen cylinder.

Sugam said to me, “Go home and take a rest.”

He ordered us to get out of his way.

The librarian requested them not to make a noise.

These choices follow the unit's rule that imperative verbs are reported with infinitives and negative imperatives use not + infinitive.

B. Change into Indirect Speech

a. “Bring some sugar, Punita,” she said. (ask)

She asked Punita to bring some sugar.

b. “You must submit your assignment soon,” the teacher said. (tell)

The teacher told me to submit my assignment soon.

c. “Remember to come early, Anu,” he said. (remind)

He reminded Anu to come early.

d. “You should see a doctor, Mrs Tamang,” he said. (advise)

He advised Mrs Tamang to see a doctor.

e. “Keep all the windows open, Nona,” my father said. (warn)

My father warned Nona to keep all the windows open.

f. “Go home, Prashun,” Furba said. (tell)

Furba told Prashun to go home.

C. Report the Sentences in Indirect Speech

a. The hermit said, “Don't idle away your time.”

The hermit advised me not to idle away my time.

b. Madan said to his friend, “Please help me with money.”

Madan requested his friend to help him with money.

c. “Be not afraid, noble prince,” said the Guru.

The Guru advised the noble prince not to be afraid.

d. He said to me, “Let me do my work.”

He requested me to let him do his work.

e. The General said to his troops, “Guard the fort.”

The General ordered his troops to guard the fort.

f. Aaswin said to the teacher, “Please excuse me, madam.”

Aaswin requested the teacher to excuse him.

g. The guide said to the visitors, “Follow me carefully.”

The guide instructed the visitors to follow him carefully.

h. My teacher said to me, “Don't look behind.”

My teacher told me not to look behind.

i. Mother said to the daughter, “Get ready to receive the guests.”

Mother told her daughter to get ready to receive the guests.

j. The boy said to the rescuers, “Please help me to get out of this well.”

The boy requested the rescuers to help him get out of that well.

k. The teacher said to the boys, “Read silently.”

The teacher instructed the boys to read silently.

l. The coach said, “Let's play a friendly football match.”

The coach suggested that they should play a friendly football match.

m. The monk said to us, “Give up bad habits.”

The monk advised us to give up bad habits.

n. Father said to me, “Do not tell a lie.”

Father advised me not to tell a lie.

The textbook specifically explains that “Let's” expressing a suggestion can be reported with suggested that … should or proposed that ….

WRITING II — SPEECH ON OBESITY

Obesity: Causes, Consequences and Prevention

Good morning respected teacher and my dear friends,

Today I am going to speak about obesity, which has become a serious health concern.

The main causes of obesity are unhealthy eating habits, excessive consumption of junk food, lack of physical exercise, sedentary lifestyles and sometimes genetic factors. Eating too much sugar and fat while doing little physical activity can cause excessive weight gain.

Obesity can lead to many health problems, including diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure and other chronic diseases. It can also affect a person's mental and social well-being.

We can prevent obesity by eating a balanced diet, avoiding excessive junk food, exercising regularly, drinking enough water and maintaining healthy sleeping habits. We should also reduce the time spent sitting and increase physical activity.

A healthy lifestyle today can protect us from many diseases tomorrow.

Thank you.

PROJECT WORK — WELLNESS WHEEL

The textbook asks students to design their own wellness wheel, showing the activities they perform to stay healthy.

Model Wellness Wheel

Dimension	Activities
Physical	Walking, exercise, sports, healthy food
Emotional	Relaxation, positive thinking, talking to friends
Social	Spending time with family and friends
Intellectual	Reading books, studying, learning new skills
Spiritual	Meditation, prayer, reflection
Occupational	Studying regularly, developing skills
Financial	Saving money, avoiding unnecessary spending
Environmental	Planting trees, keeping surroundings clean, reducing waste

Short Presentation

Good morning everyone.

This is my wellness wheel. It represents eight dimensions of wellness. I maintain my physical health through exercise and healthy food. I maintain emotional wellness through positive thinking and relaxation. I develop intellectual wellness through reading and learning. I maintain social wellness by spending time with family and friends. I also care for the environment by keeping my surroundings clean and planting trees.

Thank you.

⭐ UNIT 3 — EXAM-FOCUSED SUMMARY

Reading I: A Letter from a Patient

Writer: An appreciative mother

Patient: Nine-week-old baby

Main problem: Poor professional behaviour of some health workers

Major complaints:

Staff complained about colleagues.

Staff sometimes focused on themselves.

Medicines were delayed.

Repeated questions were asked.

The baby was incorrectly referred to as male.

Patient records were not carefully used.

Main message: Patients and families must be treated with care, respect and confidence.

Reading II: A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life

Main issue: Diet- and lifestyle-related diseases

Major concerns: Overweight and obesity

Causes: Poor diet and low physical activity

Solution: Healthy lifestyle + research + innovation + cooperation

Programme: Horizon 2020

Important diseases mentioned:

cancer

neurological disorders

cardiovascular diseases

obesity

type 2 diabetes

Grammar

Direct: Doctor said, “Take medicine regularly.”
Indirect: Doctor advised me to take medicine regularly.

Direct: Doctor said, “Don't eat junk food.”
Indirect: Doctor advised me not to eat junk food.

Direct: He said, “Let's exercise together.”
Indirect: He suggested that we should exercise together.

Key rule

Imperative → reporting verb + object + to + V1

Negative:

reporting verb + object + not to + V1

Suggestion:

suggested/proposed + that + subject + should + V1

UNIT 4 — WORK AND LEISURE

Complete Exercise Answers

According to the Grade 10 English 2025 textbook, Unit 4 is “Work and Leisure”. It includes Cabbage White, the poem “Leave this Chanting and Singing,” asking for permission, pronunciation, reported/functional language, modal verbs, a job application, rules and regulations, and a speech-contest project.

1. GETTING STARTED

Question:

Look at the activities shown in the pictures below. Discuss why they are important.

The activities are important because they help us maintain a healthy balance between work and leisure. Work helps us earn money, develop skills and become responsible, while leisure helps us relax, refresh our minds, develop hobbies and spend time with family and friends.

READING I — CABBAGE WHITE

Before Reading

a. How do you often spend your leisure?

I usually spend my leisure time reading books, listening to music, watching useful programmes, playing games and spending time with my family and friends.

b. Why do you think it is necessary to keep a balance between work and leisure?

It is necessary to balance work and leisure because continuous work can make us tired and stressed. Leisure gives our body and mind time to rest. A good balance increases productivity, improves mental health and makes life happier.

A. Match the Meanings with the Words

The textbook gives eight meanings and eight words.

Meaning	Answer
a. to laugh at somebody in an unkind way	mock
b. very unpleasant	hideous
c. to twist and turn the body with quick, short movements	wriggle
d. in a cheerful way	gaily
e. very surprised or shocked	open-mouthed
f. to ask for something seriously and emotionally	plead
g. to make a facial expression showing disapproval	frown
h. to argue or disagree strongly	dispute

Final Answers:

a. mock
b. hideous
c. wriggle
d. gaily
e. open-mouthed
f. plead
g. frown
h. dispute

B. Words Related to Walking

The textbook asks for the meanings of sneak, stroll, lurch, stagger, stride and stumble.

1. Sneak

To walk quietly and secretly so that nobody notices.

2. Stroll

To walk slowly and casually for pleasure.

3. Lurch

To move suddenly and unsteadily.

4. Stagger

To walk unsteadily, almost falling.

5. Stride

To walk with long, confident steps.

6. Stumble

To almost fall because you hit something with your foot or lose your balance.

C. Answer the Questions

a. Why do you think the man frowned when Sarah and Jamie gave him their school card?

The man frowned because Sarah and Jamie were very young and he thought farm work was too difficult for children. He was also surprised that schoolchildren were looking for work during their holiday.

b. Why were Sarah and Jamie looking for a job instead of going to school?

They were on holiday and wanted to earn some money and support their parents.

c. Why was the man ready to give them work on his farm?

The man realized that there was a job they could do despite being children. He asked whether they knew about Cabbage White butterflies and caterpillars and then offered them the task of removing the caterpillars.

d. What work were they supposed to do at the man's farm?

They were supposed to check every cabbage in the garden, pick off the caterpillars and collect them in pails.

e. Were there really a million or billion caterpillars?

No. The children were exaggerating the number because there were very many cabbages and caterpillars. They were shocked by the enormous size of the cabbage field and the large number of caterpillars.

f. What were Sarah and Jamie desperate about?

They were desperate because removing the caterpillars one by one was extremely difficult and time-consuming. There were too many caterpillars, and more butterflies were continuously laying eggs.

g. What was Sarah's “brilliant” idea?

Sarah realized that caterpillars came from eggs and butterflies laid the eggs. Therefore, she thought that if they killed the butterflies, there would be no more eggs or caterpillars.

h. Were the children happy with their work? Give reasons.

No, they were not happy with their work. They tried to kill the butterflies, but they also destroyed almost all the cabbages. The cabbage field looked like a battlefield. They became exhausted and realized that they had made the situation worse.

i. Why did they run away from the farm secretly?

They ran away because they had destroyed almost the entire cabbage crop while trying to kill the butterflies. They were afraid of what the farm owner would do when he saw the damage.

D. True, False or Not Given

a. Sarah and Jamie's parents were unable to work to support the family.

Not Given

The text says that the children wanted to earn money and support their parents, but it does not clearly state that their parents were unable to work.

b. Sarah and Jamie have never been to school.

False

They gave the farmer a card from their school, showing that they were school students.

c. The man decides to pay them upon the completion of their work.

False

He said he would first see how they worked and would pay them if he was happy with their work.

d. Sarah and Jamie had not expected to find so many caterpillars in the cabbage field.

True

They were shocked by the enormous number of cabbages, caterpillars and butterflies.

e. Sarah's idea finally worked to finish off their job.

False

Her idea resulted in the destruction of the cabbage field. They killed butterflies but also destroyed the cabbages.

f. They were caught by the farm owner while running away.

False

They secretly left the farm without being caught.

E. ACT OUT THE STORY

Short Classroom Version

Farmer: Who are you?
Sarah: I am Sarah. I am twelve. This is my brother Jamie. He is eleven.

Farmer: Shouldn't you be at school?

Sarah: We are on holiday. We want to earn some money and support our parents.

Farmer: Do you know what a Cabbage White is?

Sarah: Yes. It is a white butterfly that lays eggs on cabbages.

Farmer: I have a job for you. Remove the caterpillars from the cabbage plants.

Jamie: How?

Farmer: Pick them off and collect them.

Later, the children discover that there are huge numbers of butterflies and caterpillars. Sarah decides to kill the butterflies. They use bamboo poles, but accidentally destroy the cabbage plants too.

Finally, they realize their mistake and secretly leave the farm.

PRONUNCIATION

The textbook asks students to classify the words according to vowel pronunciation.

Short vowel

stood

support

plead? ❌

beautiful

seemed? ❌

lay? ❌

gaily? ❌

ground? ❌

exhausted? ❌

tiptoe? ❌

bamboo? ❌

pail? ❌

For the clearly identifiable examples:

/ʊ/

stood

Long /uː/

support

beautiful

seemed

bamboo

Vowel combinations/diphthongs

afraid

lay

gaily

ground

exhausted

tiptoe

pail

plead

hideous

Note: The textbook's exercise depends on the pronunciation of the red-highlighted vowels, which is not preserved in the extracted text. Therefore, some individual classifications cannot be verified from the text extraction alone.

SPEAKING — ASKING FOR PERMISSION

The textbook provides four model ways of asking permission.

Useful expressions

Would you mind if I…?

Do you mind if I…?

Is it alright if I…?

I wonder if I could possibly…?

B. Match the Permission Questions with Responses

The clues and responses are given in the textbook.

Situation	Correct response
a. Close the window	iii. Yes, please. It's a little cold here.
b. Use the computer	v. Yes, please feel free.
c. Ask a question	ii. I'd rather you didn't if you don't mind.
d. Use the phone	i. I'm sorry but the battery has gone down.
e. Come late to work tomorrow	iv. No, please don't. It's time to go to bed.
f. Use the car	vi. Yes, sure. Here is the key.

Final:

a–iii, b–v, c–ii, d–i, e–iv, f–vi

C. Report the Permission

a. Go out

A: Would it be alright if I went out?
B: Yes, sure.
C: A asked for B's permission to go out and B granted it.

b. Use the pen

A: Could I use your pen?
B: Yes, of course.
C: A asked B if he/she could use the pen and B agreed.

c. Close the door

A: Would you mind if I closed the door?
B: No, not at all.
C: A asked for B's permission to close the door and B granted it.

d. Borrow a book

A: May I borrow your book?
B: Yes, certainly.
C: A asked B if he/she could borrow the book and B agreed.

e. Go to the park with friends

A: Is it alright if I go to the park with my friends?
B: Yes, but come home early.
C: A asked B for permission to go to the park with friends and B granted it.

f. Take the car

A: Could I take the car?
B: Yes, but drive carefully.
C: A asked B if he/she could take the car and B agreed.

GRAMMAR I — MODAL VERBS

B. Complete the Sentences

The textbook provides the modal verbs could, can't, must, may, should, might and would.

a. This can't be Safal's coat. It is too small for him.

b. Could you please tell me the way to the airport?

c. Would you like to stay with us at the weekend?

d. Do you know where Jack is? He might be in his office.

e. The sky is overcast. It may rain in the afternoon.

f. Sanam has been working in the field all day. She must be tired.

g. The film is really wonderful. You should see it at least once.

C. MUST / CAN'T

a. The man is looking around. He must be lost.

b. He can't be a doctor. He has not studied medicine.

c. Sushmita failed the test although she is a smart student. She can't have prepared well this time.

d. The restaurant always serves really good food. They must have employed excellent chefs.

e. There must be something wrong with the fan. It is making an unusual sound.

f. This can't be Sumana's book. There is a stamp of the library on it.

g. He must have had hard times. He has lost his job and has to support his elderly parents.

WRITING I — JOB APPLICATION

A. Put the Sentences in Correct Order

The letter should follow this logical order:

c → a → b → j → k → d → g → e → i → l → f → h

Complete Job Application

Bhanu-10, Tanahun
18 August

The Headteacher
Shree Janajagriti Secondary School
Bhanu-10, Tanahun

Subject: Job Application for the Position of School Accountant

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to apply for the position of school accountant that was recently advertised in The Tanahun Post.

I am a young girl of 20.

After my SEE, I worked as a finance staff for a year at Himalayan Investment Company Limited.

I have a keen interest in working in an academic institution.

I possess all the skills and qualifications that you are looking for.

Moreover, I possess good skills in handling a wide range of finance-related tasks.

I also possess sound skills in spoken and written English besides the Nepali language.

As an experienced finance staff, I have a proven record of successfully coordinating administrative and financial duties.

If I am appointed as the school accountant in your school, I will provide excellent service.

I am confident that I can be a valuable asset to your school.

I have enclosed copies of my relevant credentials required for the position.

I look forward to working with your team.

Sincerely,
Pabitra Nepali

The textbook provides the original sentences in mixed order and asks students to rearrange them.

B. JOB APPLICATION — MODEL ANSWER

Since the advertisement itself is not included in the extracted section, here is a suitable model application.

Janakpur-4, Dhanusha
12 August 2026

The Principal
Shree Secondary School
Janakpur, Nepal

Subject: Application for the Post of Assistant Accountant

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to apply for the post of Assistant Accountant advertised by your school.

I have completed my SEE and +2 education and have good knowledge of accounting, MS Office and basic computer applications. I am hardworking, honest and responsible. I can maintain financial records, prepare reports and perform other accounting duties efficiently.

I believe that my qualifications and skills make me a suitable candidate for the position. I have enclosed copies of my academic certificates and other required documents for your consideration.

I look forward to getting an opportunity to work in your institution.

Yours faithfully,
[Name]

READING II — LEAVE THIS CHANTING AND SINGING

The poem is written by Rabindranath Tagore. It argues that God should not be sought only through rituals and isolation; instead, people should recognize God in the lives and labour of ordinary working people.

A. Vocabulary

a. a small piece of glass or stone threaded to make a necklace

beads

b. to prepare and use land for growing crops

tilling

c. a piece of clothing

mantle

d. a layer of something that covers a surface

coating / covering

e. the state of being rescued from danger, evil or pain

deliverance

f. a substance producing a pleasant smell when burned

incense

g. covered with marks

stained

h. hard unpleasant work that makes you very tired

toil

These words are taken from the poem's vocabulary exercise.

B. Modern Equivalents

Archaic word	Modern English
dost	do
thou	you
thine	yours
thy	your

C. Answer the Questions

a. Who is the poem addressed to?

The poem is addressed to people who are engaged in religious rituals and meditation but fail to recognize God in the real world and among working people.

b. What does the speaker advise people?

The speaker advises people to stop merely chanting, singing, counting beads and meditating in isolated places. He asks them to come out and work alongside ordinary people.

c. Where do people try to find God?

They try to find God in a lonely, dark corner of a temple, through prayer, chanting, meditation, flowers and incense.

d. Where does God actually reside according to the speaker?

God resides among the farmers and labourers—where the tiller works the hard ground and where the pathmaker breaks stones.

e. How can people have a glimpse of God?

They can experience God by coming out of isolation and working with ordinary people, sharing their labour, sweat and difficulties.

f. Why can't God rescue people?

God cannot simply rescue people from their difficulties because, according to the poem, God himself has accepted the bonds of creation and remains connected with everyone.

g. What does the speaker ask people to do in the last stanza?

He asks people to leave their religious rituals, come out into the world and meet God through toil and hard work. They should stand beside working people and share their labour and sweat.

D. Do You Believe in God?

Model

Yes, I believe in God. I believe that God represents truth, goodness, compassion and justice. I try to please God by helping others, respecting people, being honest and doing my duties sincerely. I also believe that serving people and doing good work is an important form of worship.

LISTENING

The textbook asks students to listen to an audio about work and vacation. The actual audio is not included in the text file, so the audio-dependent answers should not be invented. The questions are given in the textbook.

A. Model answers

a. How long do Nepali people generally work in a day?

Nepali people generally work around eight hours a day, although working hours vary according to occupation.

b. Why is it important to balance work and leisure?

A balance between work and leisure is important because leisure reduces stress, improves physical and mental health, increases productivity and gives people time to enjoy their families and interests.

B. Audio-dependent answers

The choices in the textbook are:

a. 513 hours / 1646 hours / 2159 hours
b. to earn extra pay / to stay in the job / to utilise free time
c. very short / doesn't pay extra / result in loss of job
d. two weeks / four to six weeks / five weeks
e. Germany / Great Britain / United States.

C. True / False / Not Given

These also require the audio:

French employee generally spends more time at work than a Japanese employee.

Many companies in Japan do not pay workers for extra time.

Many employees have lost jobs for not working overtime.

English workers have longer vacations than they need.

According to the proverb, there are many dull boys in the world.

GRAMMAR II — FUNCTIONS OF IMPERATIVES

The exercise asks students to match each imperative with its function.

Sentence	Function
a. Kindly tell me where the bus park is.	viii. making a request
b. Go straight and take the first turn on your right.	i. giving direction
c. Cook the rice in medium heat until it turns tender.	vi. giving instruction
d. Please join us on the tour.	vii. making an invitation
e. Don't feed the animals in the zoo!	ii. warning
f. Wear warm clothes.	iv. giving advice
g. Put your hands up!	iii. making a command
h. Get out of here at once.	v. making an order
i. Let's go for a walk.	suggestion/proposal

Key:

a–viii, b–i, c–vi, d–vii, e–ii, f–iv, g–iii, h–v

⭐ UNIT 4 — IMPORTANT EXAM NOTES

1. Work

Work is an activity done to earn money, fulfil responsibilities, develop skills or achieve a goal.

2. Leisure

Leisure is free time when a person is not working or studying and can relax or enjoy hobbies.

3. Importance of Work

Provides income

Develops skills

Makes people responsible

Builds confidence

Contributes to society

Helps achieve goals

4. Importance of Leisure

Reduces stress

Refreshes the mind

Improves health

Develops creativity

Strengthens relationships

Provides time for hobbies

5. Work–Leisure Balance

A healthy life requires a proper balance between work and leisure. Too much work can cause stress and exhaustion, while too much leisure can reduce productivity and responsibility.

MODAL VERBS — QUICK NOTES

Can

Ability/possibility

I can swim.

Could

Past ability/polite request

Could you help me?

May

Permission/possibility

May I come in?

Might

Weak possibility

It might rain.

Must

Strong obligation or strong logical conclusion

You must obey the rules.
He must be tired.

Should

Advice

You should exercise regularly.

Would

Polite request/offer

Would you like some tea?

Can't

Impossibility

He can't be a doctor; he has never studied medicine.

⭐ CABBAGE WHITE — SHORT SUMMARY

Sarah and Jamie are schoolchildren who are on holiday. They want to earn money and support their parents, so they ask a farmer for work. The farmer gives them the job of removing caterpillars from a large cabbage field.

The children soon realize that there are enormous numbers of caterpillars. Sarah develops a clever idea: because butterflies lay eggs and the eggs become caterpillars, they should kill the butterflies.

They use bamboo poles to hit the butterflies. Unfortunately, they also destroy almost all the cabbage plants. The field looks like a battlefield. Realizing their mistake, they secretly leave the farm.

Moral/Lesson

A clever idea is not useful unless it is carefully considered and properly executed.

The story also teaches us that children should not undertake work that is beyond their ability and that careless actions can create bigger problems.

⭐ “LEAVE THIS CHANTING AND SINGING” — SHORT SUMMARY

The poem criticizes empty religious rituals. The speaker tells people not to search for God only in temples, meditation and worship.

According to the speaker, God is present among farmers, labourers and people who work hard. Therefore, true worship means joining people in their work, difficulties, sweat and toil.

Main Message

God can be found in honest work and service to humanity, not merely in rituals and isolated worship.

⭐ MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR EXAM

Why were Sarah and Jamie looking for work?

Why did the farmer give them work?

What was their actual job?

What was Sarah's brilliant idea?

Why did their plan fail?

Why did they secretly leave the farm?

What is the importance of balancing work and leisure?

What does “Cabbage White” refer to?

Who is the poem “Leave this Chanting and Singing” addressed to?

Where does God reside according to Tagore?

What does the poet advise people to do?

What is the central message of the poem?

What are modal verbs?

What is the difference between must and can't?

How do we ask for permission politely?

How do we report an imperative sentence?

UNIT 5 — SCIENCE AND EXPERIMENT

Complete Exercise Answers

According to the Grade 10 English Updated Edition 2025, Unit 5 is “Science and Experiment.” It contains “Yes, You Can Boil Water at Room Temperature,” “The Voice of the Rain,” expressing conditions, pronunciation of pairs of words, description of a science experiment, conditional sentences, instructions, a letter of complaint and a project on local technology.

GETTING STARTED

Look at the pictures. What do you think they are about?

The pictures are related to science and scientific experiments. They show scientific processes and experiments that help us understand how things work.

READING I

YES, YOU CAN BOIL WATER AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

Before Reading

a. What can you see in the picture?

I can see an experiment involving water, a syringe/container and pressure. The experiment demonstrates that water can boil at a temperature lower than 100°C when the pressure is reduced.

b. How does water boil?

Water boils when its vapour pressure becomes equal to the pressure surrounding it. At normal atmospheric pressure, water boils at about 100°C. When external pressure is reduced, water can boil at a lower temperature.

A. Find Words from the Text

The exercise asks for words matching the given meanings.

a. The height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level

altitude

b. A group of atoms bonded together

molecule

c. A state in which opposing forces are balanced

equilibrium

d. To change from gas or vapour to liquid

condense

e. A piece of unreliable information repeated so often that it is accepted as fact

factoid

f. A space or container from which the air has been removed

vacuum

g. A device used to remove blockages from the drain of a basin or tub

plunger

B. Complete the Sentences

Water bubbles break down if vapour pressure inside and outside the bubbles is equal.

As the altitude goes up, the boiling point of water decreases.

Random motion of molecules or particles is called thermal motion.

If the door does not open, try turning the key in the lock.

Certain chemicals can cause undesirable changes in the nervous system.

These answers follow the terminology used in the reading.

C. Answer the Questions

a. What is the speed of the water particles compared with?

The speed of water particles is compared with the height of a group of adult humans. Just as people have different heights although there is an average height, water particles have different speeds although there is an average speed.

b. How are bubbles formed in boiling water?

As water gets hotter, its particles move faster. Eventually, some water molecules have enough energy to push other molecules aside and form small bubbles. The bubbles can continue to exist when the pressure inside them becomes equal to the pressure outside them.

c. Mention two things on which external pressure depends.

External pressure depends on:

The water itself, including its depth and density.

The atmosphere, which pushes down on the surface of the water.

d. How is the atmosphere related to the pressure of water?

The atmosphere pushes down on the surface of the water. This atmospheric pressure contributes to the total pressure in the water.

e. What would happen if atmospheric pressure on liquid water was decreased?

The pressure on the water would decrease. If it became low enough to equal the water's vapour pressure, the water could boil without increasing its temperature.

f. What would the experimenter gain if they pulled the plunger out?

Pulling the plunger out would decrease the pressure inside the syringe, causing the water to boil even though its temperature was only about 42°C.

D. What Would Happen if There Were No Gravity on Earth?

Model

If there were no gravity on Earth, life would change dramatically. People and objects would not remain on the ground. Water and the atmosphere would not behave as they do now. Oceans and rivers could move away from the Earth's surface, and the atmosphere could escape into space. Plants, animals and humans would not be able to live normally. Therefore, gravity is essential for maintaining life and the environment on Earth.

PRONUNCIATION

Write S for the same pronunciation and D for different pronunciation.

Pair	Answer
so – sow	S
sale – sell	D
get – gate	D
hair – heir	S
just – jest	D
sale – sail	S
said – sad	D
beer – bear	D
maid – made	S
mail – male	S
tail – tale	S
tell – tail	D
rear – rare	D
sheer – share	D
here – hare	D
met – mate	D

SPEAKING

A. Conversation I

Deshika: Who do you think will win the race?
Saloni: I think Punam will.
Shristi: Yes, if she runs faster, she will surpass them all.

Conversation II

Sirjana: Why do you think I have to study hard?
Kritika: Because if you study hard, you will get better results.
Manoj: Yes, if you get good results, you can get a scholarship.

These conversations demonstrate conditional sentences.

B. Make Similar Conversations

a. Eat too much → gain weight → get lazy

A: What happens if you eat too much?
B: If I eat too much, I will gain weight.
A: And what happens if you gain weight?
B: I may become lazy.

b. Rain this evening → stay at home → keep in touch with parents

A: What will you do if it rains this evening?
B: If it rains, I will stay at home.
A: How will you keep in touch with your parents?
B: I will call them if I cannot visit them.

c. Keep heating → water changes into vapour → dries up

A: What happens if you keep heating water?
B: If you keep heating it, the water changes into vapour.
A: What happens eventually?
B: It dries up.

d. Not stop smoking → get cancer → die early

A: What may happen if you do not stop smoking?
B: If I do not stop smoking, I may get cancer.
A: What could happen then?
B: I could die early.

C. Make Conversations

a. What laws would you abolish if you could?

A: What laws would you abolish if you could?
B: If I could change the laws, I would abolish laws that discriminate against people.

b. Which planet would you like to go to?

A: Which planet would you like to visit if you were given an offer?
B: If I were given an offer, I would like to visit Mars.

c. Why wouldn't you open windows?

A: Why wouldn't you open the windows?
B: If it were very cold outside, I wouldn't open the windows.

d. Why would you water plants?

A: Why would you water plants?
B: I would water plants if the soil became dry.

e. Why would you study law?

A: Why would you study law?
B: I would study law if I wanted to become a lawyer and serve society.

GRAMMAR I — CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A. Match the Clauses

The textbook gives eight clauses in two columns.

Answers:

a – iii
If you go to Taplejung, you can see the Pathibhara temple.

b – i
You will get well soon if you follow the doctor's advice.

c – ii
The horse won't kick you unless you go behind it.

d – vi
If I were you, I would see a doctor.

e – iv
What happens if you heat water?

f – v
I would miss the bus if I did not reach the bus stop on time.

g – viii
Provided that they discussed properly, the problem might be solved.

h – vii
As long as they communicate well, they won't have any misunderstanding.

Final

a–iii, b–i, c–ii, d–vi, e–iv, f–v, g–viii, h–vii

B. Complete the Sentences

If it is cold, I will wear a coat.

If Purna helps with the housework, his mother will have more time for him.

If I were a bird, I would make a good observation of the land below.

If I went to Mustang, I would visit Muktinath.

If I were a billionaire, I would buy a castle.

You'd save petrol if you drove more carefully.

Say “hello” if you see her.

Provided that you consent, I will take a few days' leave next week.

Take care of the pence, the pounds will take care of themselves.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES — EASY NOTES

First Conditional

If + present simple, will + V1

Used for a real/possible future situation.

If it rains, I will stay home.

Second Conditional

If + past simple, would + V1

Used for an unreal or unlikely situation.

If I were rich, I would help poor people.

Unless

Unless = if not

Unless you study, you will fail.
= If you don't study, you will fail.

Provided that

Means if / on the condition that.

You can go provided that you finish your homework.

As long as

Means provided that / if.

You can use my computer as long as you handle it carefully.

WRITING I

INSTRUCTIONS TO DRAW A JELLYFISH

The textbook asks students to write stepwise instructions using words such as circle, lines, semi-straight, creaky, on top of, above and below.

How to Draw a Jellyfish

First, draw a large semi-circle for the body of the jellyfish.

Draw a curved line below the semi-circle.

Make several short, wavy lines below the body.

These lines will represent the tentacles.

Add two small circles for the eyes.

Draw a small curved line for the mouth.

Add a few decorative lines on top of the body.

Make the tentacles longer and slightly curved.

Check the outline and erase unnecessary lines.

Finally, colour the jellyfish as you like.

READING II THE VOICE OF THE RAIN

The poem is written by Walt Whitman. In the poem, the poet asks the rain who it is, and the rain answers that it is the “Poem of Earth.” It describes the continuous cycle of evaporation, condensation and rainfall.

Before Reading

a. What do you think the man in the picture is doing?

The man appears to be observing or enjoying the rain.

b. Do you like the sound of rain?

Yes, I like the sound of rain because it is peaceful and relaxing. It also makes the environment fresh and cool.

A. Match the Words with Their Meanings

Word	Meaning	Answer
a. eternal	never-ending	vii
b. impalpable	not easily understood/felt	v
c. vaguely	unclearly	ii
d. descend	come down	i
e. lave	take care of / wash	iv
f. atomies	indivisible particles	iii
g. reck	to pour out as water	vi

Final:

a–vii, b–v, c–ii, d–i, e–iv, f–iii, g–vi

The meanings are taken from the textbook exercise.

B. Fill in the Blanks

Words: impalpable, recks, globe, drought, beautify, latent

The river ran dry during the drought.

It is still impalpable to understand how the earth originated.

The company produces a wide variety of make-up and skin-care products designed to gently and effectively beautify human skin.

His greatest ambition is to sail around the globe.

Without training, his musical talent remained latent.

What recks it whether they win or lose?

C. Complete the Summary

The correct words are:

ascends, rhythm, mysterious, atomies, quenches, showers, condensation, originality

Completed Summary:

The rain rises from the land as water vapour and ascends high up to the sky.

It takes the form of clouds. Though it changes its form or shape, its rhythm remains unchanged. It shows that nature is not fully understood. Some parts of it always remain mysterious.

The raindrops pour down from above to wash away atomies and dust layers. It quenches the thirst of the dry Earth and heals everything that is becoming lifeless. In other words, the showers make the Earth pure and beautiful.

Finally, the poet observes that the life of rain is similar to that of a song. A song also has a power to calm, heal, transform and thrill. In the same way, repeated evaporation and condensation purifies the rain. It beautifies the whole earth as originality does to a poem or music.

The exercise and its word bank are given in the textbook.

D. Answer the Questions

a. What are the two voices in the poem? Who do they belong to?

The two voices are:

The poet's voice, through which he asks questions.

The voice of the rain, which answers the poet.

The rain identifies itself as the Poem of Earth.

b. How is the cyclic movement of rain shown?

The rain cycle begins when water rises from the Earth and sea as invisible water vapour. It ascends to the sky, forms clouds, and then returns to Earth as rain. The water again becomes part of the Earth and eventually evaporates, continuing the cycle.

c. Why are showers necessary for the Earth?

Showers are necessary because they quench the thirst of dry Earth, wash away dust, help seeds grow, restore life and make the Earth pure and beautiful.

d. How are rain and music similar?

Both rain and music have a cyclic and creative nature. Rain returns to the Earth after rising into the sky, while a song returns to its source after being expressed. Both can calm, heal, transform and beautify.

e. How are clouds formed?

Clouds are formed when water from the Earth and sea evaporates, rises into the atmosphere and condenses into tiny water droplets.

f. List the pairs of opposite words in the poem.

day — night

rise — descend

birth — fulfilment

land — sea

upward — downward

E. What if It Does Not Rain for a Long Time?

If it does not rain for a long time, there will be a drought. Rivers, lakes and underground water sources may dry up. Crops will fail, animals will suffer from lack of water and food, and people may face serious water shortages. Food production will decrease and many ecosystems will be damaged.

LISTENING

The textbook asks students to listen to an experiment involving layers of liquids in a glass. The questions depend on the accompanying audio.

A. Picture Questions

a. What objects do you see?

Model
I can see a glass containing several layers of liquids and different objects used for an experiment.

b. Why are there layers of liquids in the glass?

The liquids form layers because they have different densities and do not all mix together.

B. Listening Questions

a. What is the narrator experimenting about?

The narrator is experimenting with the density of different liquids.

b. Which liquid is the experimenter using?

The experiment uses liquids such as water, oil and syrup.

c. In what order do the liquids settle in the glass?

The liquids settle according to their density: the densest liquid stays at the bottom and the least dense stays at the top.

d. What happens when a plastic bottle top is dropped into the glass?

It floats or settles at the layer corresponding to its density.

e. Why do the liquids not mix?

They have different densities and some of them, such as water and vegetable oil, do not mix because they have different chemical properties.

The exact audio-specific wording should be checked against the CDC recording; the textbook itself states that listening audio files are provided separately.

C. Complete the Sentences

The sponge sits on the water.

Objects with greater/higher density sit on the bottom.

After filling the oil, the mixture is left to settle for about 15 minutes.

The density of water is less than that of syrup and more than that of oil.

D. Why Do Water and Vegetable Oil Not Mix?

Water and vegetable oil do not mix because they have different chemical properties and densities. Water is polar while oil is non-polar, so they separate into different layers instead of forming a single mixture.

GRAMMAR II — CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

A. Complete the Sentences

If Gaurab were the captain, the team would play better.

I would have called you had I known you were in Nepal.

If he had not come to Nepal, he would not have seen Mt. Everest.

Had you arrived a bit earlier, you would have seen Manashi.

We could slow down global warming if we reduced energy consumption.

If he were to see me, he would know me at once.

Were Rijisa in the USA, she would be working for a company.

How would you feel if someone asked you for an autograph?

What would you have done if Keshab had proposed to you for marriage?

If I had a life jacket, I could certainly swim across the river.

These forms include second conditional, third conditional and inverted conditional structures.

B. Complete with Appropriate Clauses

These are open-ended answers. Suitable answers are:

If you don't leave soon, you will miss the bus.

If it rains in winter, the weather becomes very cold.

I will forgive you as long as you tell the truth.

A country cannot develop unless its citizens work honestly and responsibly.

What will you do if they insult you?

WRITING II

LETTER OF COMPLAINT ABOUT UNMANAGED GARBAGE

The textbook asks students to write to the concerned authority about unmanaged garbage, explaining its health hazards and suggesting solutions.

Model Answer

Janakpur-8, Dhanusha
12 August 2026

To,
The Mayor
Janakpurdham Sub-Metropolitan City
Dhanusha, Nepal

Subject: Complaint about unmanaged garbage in our locality

Dear Sir/Madam,

Through this letter, I would like to draw the attention of the concerned authorities to the problem of unmanaged garbage in our locality.

The streets and public places in our neighbourhood are frequently covered with household waste, plastic bags and other rubbish. The garbage produces a bad smell and attracts flies, mosquitoes, stray animals and other insects. It can cause diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid and other infections. It also pollutes the air, soil and water.

I would like to suggest some measures to solve this problem. The municipality should collect garbage regularly and provide sufficient dustbins in public places. People should be encouraged to separate biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. Public awareness campaigns should also be conducted. Those who throw garbage in public places should be fined.

I hope the concerned authority will take immediate action to solve this serious problem.

Yours faithfully,
[Name]

PROJECT WORK

LOCAL TECHNOLOGY

The textbook asks students to study a local technology, take notes on its working principles and present it to the class.

Model Project: Traditional Water Mill

Name:

Water Mill (पानीघट्ट)

Location:

Rural areas of Nepal where flowing streams are available.

Materials:

Wooden wheel

Wooden or metal shaft

Grinding stones

Water channel

Supporting structure

Working Principle:

Water from a stream is directed through a narrow channel toward the water wheel. The force of the flowing water turns the wheel. The rotating wheel transfers motion through a shaft to the grinding stone. The stone rotates and grinds grains such as maize, wheat and millet into flour.

Advantages:

Uses renewable water energy.

Does not require electricity.

Helps local communities process grain.

Reduces dependence on modern machines.

Is environmentally friendly.

Conclusion:

The traditional water mill is a useful example of local technology. It shows how people have used natural resources creatively to meet their daily needs.

⭐ IMPORTANT WORDS OF UNIT 5

Word	Meaning
altitude	height above sea level
molecule	group of bonded atoms
equilibrium	balanced state
vapour	gas form of a substance
pressure	force exerted on an area
condensation	change from gas to liquid
vacuum	space with little/no air
plunger	device used to remove blockages
drought	long period without rain
eternal	never-ending
impalpable	difficult to feel/understand
latent	existing but not yet developed
atomies	tiny particles
ascend	go upward
descend	come downward
density	mass per unit volume

⭐ UNIT 5 — MAIN SCIENCE CONCEPTS

1. Boiling Point

At normal atmospheric pressure, water boils at approximately 100°C.

But the boiling point changes with pressure.

Higher altitude:

Lower atmospheric pressure → lower boiling point

That is why water boils at a lower temperature at high altitude.

2. Vapour Pressure

Vapour pressure is the pressure exerted by water vapour when the liquid and vapour are in equilibrium.

3. Why Does Water Boil?

Water boils when:

Vapour pressure = External pressure

When the vapour pressure becomes equal to the surrounding pressure, bubbles can form and remain stable.

4. Effect of Reduced Pressure

If external pressure is reduced sufficiently:

Water can boil at a temperature below 100°C.

The textbook demonstrates this using a syringe and water heated to approximately 42°C.

⭐ THE VOICE OF THE RAIN — SHORT SUMMARY

The Voice of the Rain is a poem by Walt Whitman.

The poet asks the rain who it is. The rain answers that it is the Poem of Earth. It rises invisibly from the Earth and sea, ascends to the sky, forms clouds and returns to Earth as rain.

Rain gives life to dry land, washes away dust and helps seeds grow. The rain cycle is compared with a song because both return to their source and have the power to calm, heal, transform and beautify.

Central idea:

Rain is a continuous natural cycle that gives life, cleans the Earth and beautifies nature.

⭐ MOST IMPORTANT EXAM QUESTIONS

Reading I

Why does the boiling point of water decrease with altitude?

What is vapour pressure?

How are boiling bubbles formed?

What factors affect external pressure?

What happens when atmospheric pressure decreases?

How can water boil at room temperature?

Why does water boil at a lower temperature at high altitude?

Reading II

Who wrote The Voice of the Rain?

What does the rain call itself?

Describe the water cycle presented in the poem.

Why is rain important for the Earth?

How are rain and music similar?

How are clouds formed?

What would happen if it did not rain for a long time?

Grammar

What is a conditional sentence?

Write the structure of the first conditional.

Write the structure of the second conditional.

Write the structure of the third conditional.

What does unless mean?

What is the difference between if and unless?

Use provided that in a sentence.

Writing

Write instructions for drawing a jellyfish.

Write a letter complaining about unmanaged garbage.

Write instructions for a simple scientific experiment.

Describe a local technology and explain its working principle.

QUICK REVISION

Unit 5 = Science + Experiment + Conditions

Reading I: Boiling water and pressure

Main science idea: Lower pressure → lower boiling point

Reading II: The Voice of the Rain

Poet: Walt Whitman

Grammar: Conditional sentences

Speaking: Expressing conditions

Writing I: Instructions

Writing II: Letter of complaint

Project: Local technology

Important formula:
Boiling occurs when vapour pressure = external pressure.

Unit 5 is completed from Getting Started through Project Work, including both readings, vocabulary, comprehension, pronunciation, speaking, conditional grammar, both writing tasks, listening activities and the local-technology project.

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UNIT 1 — CURRENT AFFAIRS AND ISSUES

READING I — HOW DRIVERLESS CARS WILL CHANGE OUR WORLD

Reading II — Open Letter to UN Secretary-General

UNIT 2 — FESTIVALS AND CELEBRATIONS

READING I — BATTLE OF THE ORANGES

READING II — THANKSGIVING AROUND THE WORLD

UNIT 3 — HEALTH AND WELLNESS

READING I — A LETTER FROM A PATIENT

READING II — A HEALTHY DIET FOR A HEALTHY LIFE

UNIT 4 — WORK AND LEISURE

READING I — CABBAGE WHITE

READING II — LEAVE THIS CHANTING AND SINGING

UNIT 5 — SCIENCE AND EXPERIMENT

READING I

YES, YOU CAN BOIL WATER AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

READING II THE VOICE OF THE RAIN

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