Family

 

UNIT 2

READING

FAMILY

At its most basic, a family consists of an adult and his or her offspring. Most commonly, it consists of two married adults, usually a man and a woman (almost always from different lineages and not related by blood) along with their offspring, usually living in a private and separate dwelling. This type of unit, more specifically known as a nuclear family, is believed to be the oldest of the various types of families in existence. Sometimes the family includes not only the parents and their unmarried children living at home but also children that have married, their spouses, and their offspring, and possibly elderly dependents as well; such an arrangement is called an extended family.

At its best, the family performs various valuable functions for its members. Perhaps most important of all, it provides for emotional and psychological security, particularly through the warmth, love, and companionship that living together generates between spouses and in turn between them and their children. The family also provides a valuable social and political function by institutionalizing procreation and by providing guidelines for the regulation of sexual conduct. The family additionally provides such other socially beneficial functions as the rearing and socialization of children, along with such humanitarian activities as caring for its members when they are sick or disabled. On the economic side, the family provides food, shelter, clothing, and physical security for its members, some of whom may be too young or too old to provide for the basic necessities of life themselves. Finally, on the social side, family may serve to promote order and stability within society as a whole.

Historically, in most cultures, the family was patriarchal, or male-dominated. Perhaps the most striking example of the male-dominated family is the description of the family given in the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament), where the male heads of the clans were allowed to have several wives as well as concubines. As a general rule, women had a rather low status. In Roman times the family was still patriarchal, but polygamy was not practiced, and in general the status of women was somewhat improved over that suggested in the Hebrew Bible, although they still were not allowed to manage their own affairs. The Roman family was an extended one. The family as it existed in medieval Europe was male-dominated and extended.

In the West, industrialization and the accompanying urbanization spawned—and continue to spawn—many changes in family structure by causing a sharp change in life and occupational styles. Many people, particularly unmarried youths, left farms and went to urban centres to become industrial workers. This process led to the dissolution of many extended families.

The modern family that emerged after the Industrial Revolution is different from the earlier model. For instance, patriarchal rule began to give way to greater equality between the sexes. Similarly, family roles once considered exclusively male or female broke down. Caring for the home and children, once the exclusive duty of the female, is often a shared activity, as, increasingly, is the earning of wages and the pursuit of public life, once the exclusive domain of the male. The structure of the family is also changing in that some couples choose not to marry legally and instead elect to have their children out of wedlock; many of these informal relationships tend to be of short duration, and this as well as the rise in levels of divorce has led to a rapid increase in the number of one-parent households.

Family law varies from culture to culture, but in its broadest application it defines the legal relationships among family members as well as the relationships between families and society at large. Some of the important questions dealt with in family law include the terms and parameters of marriage, the status of children, and the succession of property from one generation to the next. In nearly every case, family law represents a delicate balance between the interests of society and the protection of individual rights.

The general rule in marriages until modern times was the legal transfer of dependency, that of the bride, from father to groom. Not only did the groom assume guardianship, he usually assumed control over all of his wife's affairs. Often, the woman lost any legal identity through marriage, as was the case in English common law. There have been exceptions to this practice. Muslim women, for instance, had considerable control over their own personal property. The use of dowries, an amount of money or property given to the husband with the bride in compensation for her dependency, has long been practiced in many countries, but it has tended to disappear in many industrial societies.

In general, modern marriage is best-described as a voluntary union, usually between a man and a woman (although there are still vestiges of the arranged marriage that once flourished in eastern Europe and Asia). The emancipation of women in the 19th and 20th centuries changed marriage dramatically, particularly in connection with property and economic status. By the mid-20th century, most Western countries had enacted legislation establishing equality between spouses. Similarly changed is the concept of economic maintenance, which traditionally fell on the shoulders of the husband. Though many laws still lean toward this view, there was increasing recognition of a woman's potential to contribute to the support of the family. At the beginning of the 21st century, family law and the notion of family itself was further complicated by calls for acceptance of same-sex marriages and nontraditional families.

Dissolution of marriages is one of the areas in which laws must try to balance private and public interest, since realistically it is the couple itself that can best decide whether its marriage is viable. In many older systems—e.g., Roman, Muslim, Jewish, Chinese, and Japanese—some form of unilateral divorce was possible, requiring only one party to give notice of the intention, usually the male. Most modern systems recognize a mutual request for divorce, though many require an attempt to reconcile before granting divorce. Extreme circumstances, in which blatant neglect, abuse, misbehaviour, or incapacity can be demonstrated, find resolution in civil court. Many systems favour special family courts that attempt to deal more fairly with sensitive issues such as custody of children.

The issue of children poses special problems for family law. In nearly every culture, the welfare of children was formerly left to the parents entirely, and this usually meant the father. Most societies have come to recognize the general benefit of protecting children's rights and of prescribing certain standards of rearing. Thus, more than in any other area, family law intervenes in private lives with regard to children. Compulsory education is an example of the law superseding parental authority. In the case of single-parent homes, the law will frequently provide some form of support. Legislation on child labour and child abuse also asserts society's responsibility for a child's best interests.

The succession of family interests upon the death of its members can be considered a part of family law. Most legal systems have some means of dealing with division of property left by a deceased family member. The will, or testament, specifies the decedent's wishes as to such distribution, but a surviving spouse or offspring may contest what appear to be unreasonable or inequitable provisions. There are also laws that recognize family claims in the event that property is left intestate (i.e., with no will to determine its distribution).

Alan John Barnard

परिवार

सबैभन्दा आधारभूत रूपमा, परिवार भनेको एक वयस्क व्यक्ति र उसका सन्तानहरू मिलेर बनेको समूह हो। सामान्यतया परिवारमा दुई विवाहित वयस्कहरू—एक पुरुष र एक महिला—र तिनका सन्तानहरू हुन्छन्, जो प्रायः छुट्टै घरमा बस्छन्। यस प्रकारको परिवारलाई एकल (न्यूक्लियर) परिवार भनिन्छ र यसलाई परिवारको सबैभन्दा पुरानो स्वरूप मानिन्छ।

कहिलेकाहीँ परिवारमा आमाबुबा र अविवाहित सन्तान मात्र नभई विवाहित सन्तान, तिनका पति वा पत्नी, नातिनातिना तथा आश्रित वृद्ध सदस्यहरू पनि समावेश हुन्छन्। यस्तो परिवारलाई संयुक्त (विस्तारित) परिवार भनिन्छ।

परिवारले आफ्ना सदस्यहरूका लागि विभिन्न महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्यहरू गर्दछ। सबैभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्य भनेको भावनात्मक तथा मनोवैज्ञानिक सुरक्षा प्रदान गर्नु हो। परिवारमा सँगै बस्दा पति–पत्नी तथा आमाबुबा र सन्तानबीच प्रेम, आत्मीयता र साथको भावना विकास हुन्छ।

परिवारले सन्तान जन्माउने कार्यलाई संस्थागत बनाउने तथा यौन व्यवहारलाई व्यवस्थित गर्ने सामाजिक र राजनीतिक भूमिका पनि निर्वाह गर्दछ। साथै, बालबालिकाको पालनपोषण, समाजीकरण तथा बिरामी वा अशक्त सदस्यहरूको हेरचाह जस्ता मानवीय कार्यहरू पनि परिवारले गर्दछ।

आर्थिक दृष्टिले परिवारले आफ्ना सदस्यहरूलाई खाना, आवास, कपडा तथा शारीरिक सुरक्षा प्रदान गर्दछ। विशेष गरी बालबालिका र वृद्धहरूलाई जीवनका आधारभूत आवश्यकताहरू उपलब्ध गराउँछ। सामाजिक दृष्टिले परिवारले समाजमा शान्ति, व्यवस्था र स्थिरता कायम राख्न मद्दत गर्दछ।

इतिहासमा अधिकांश संस्कृतिहरूमा परिवार पितृसत्तात्मक (पुरुषप्रधान) थियो। यसको एउटा उदाहरण हिब्रु बाइबल (पुरानो नियम) मा पाइन्छ, जहाँ कुलका पुरुष प्रमुखहरूलाई धेरै पत्नी तथा उपपत्नी राख्न अनुमति थियो। सामान्यतया महिलाको सामाजिक हैसियत निकै कमजोर थियो।

रोमन कालमा पनि परिवार पितृसत्तात्मक नै थियो, तर बहुविवाहको अभ्यास थिएन। महिलाको स्थिति केही सुधारिएको भए पनि उनीहरूलाई आफ्ना व्यक्तिगत कार्यहरू स्वतन्त्र रूपमा सञ्चालन गर्ने अधिकार थिएन। रोमन परिवार संयुक्त परिवार थियो। मध्यकालीन युरोपमा पनि परिवार पुरुषप्रधान तथा संयुक्त स्वरूपको थियो।

पश्चिमी देशहरूमा औद्योगिकीकरण र सहरीकरणले परिवारको संरचनामा ठूलो परिवर्तन ल्यायो। धेरै युवाहरू गाउँ छोडेर शहरमा उद्योगहरूमा काम गर्न गए। यस प्रक्रियाले धेरै संयुक्त परिवारहरू विघटन हुन पुगे।

औद्योगिक क्रान्तिपछि विकसित भएको आधुनिक परिवार पहिलेको परिवारभन्दा फरक छ। पितृसत्तात्मक शासन क्रमशः महिला–पुरुष समानतातर्फ उन्मुख हुन थाल्यो। पहिले पुरुष वा महिलाका लागि मात्र मानिने पारिवारिक भूमिकाहरू साझा हुन थाले।

घरको काम र बालबालिकाको हेरचाह, जुन पहिले महिलाको मात्र जिम्मेवारी मानिन्थ्यो, अहिले प्रायः साझा जिम्मेवारी बनेको छ। त्यसैगरी आयआर्जन र सार्वजनिक जीवनमा सहभागिता, जुन पहिले पुरुषको मात्र क्षेत्र मानिन्थ्यो, अहिले दुवैले साझा रूपमा निर्वाह गर्न थालेका छन्।

परिवारको संरचनामा पनि परिवर्तन आएको छ। केही जोडीहरूले कानुनी विवाह नगरी सँगै बस्ने र सन्तान जन्माउने निर्णय गर्छन्। यस्ता सम्बन्धहरू प्रायः छोटो समय टिक्ने भएकाले तथा सम्बन्धविच्छेद (डिभोर्स) को दर बढेकाले एकल अभिभावक भएका परिवारहरूको संख्या बढ्दै गएको छ।

परिवारसम्बन्धी कानुन (पारिवारिक कानुन) संस्कृतिअनुसार फरक–फरक हुन्छ। यसको व्यापक अर्थमा यसले परिवारका सदस्यहरूबीच तथा परिवार र समाजबीचका कानुनी सम्बन्धहरूलाई परिभाषित गर्दछ।

पारिवारिक कानुनले विवाहका सर्तहरू, बालबालिकाको स्थिति तथा एक पुस्ताबाट अर्को पुस्तामा सम्पत्तिको हस्तान्तरणजस्ता विषयहरूलाई समेट्छ। यसले समाजको हित र व्यक्तिगत अधिकारहरूको संरक्षणबीच सन्तुलन कायम गर्ने प्रयास गर्दछ।

आधुनिक समयभन्दा पहिले विवाहपछि दुलहीको अभिभावकीय जिम्मेवारी बाबुबाट दुलाहातर्फ सर्ने कानुनी व्यवस्था थियो। दुलाहाले पत्नीको अभिभावकत्व मात्र होइन, उनका धेरैजसो व्यक्तिगत मामिलाहरूमा नियन्त्रण पनि लिने गर्थ्यो। विवाहपछि महिलाले आफ्नो स्वतन्त्र कानुनी पहिचान समेत गुमाउने अवस्था थियो।

यद्यपि केही अपवादहरू पनि थिए। उदाहरणका लागि मुस्लिम महिलाहरूलाई आफ्नो व्यक्तिगत सम्पत्तिमाथि पर्याप्त अधिकार प्राप्त थियो। दाइजो प्रथाअन्तर्गत दुलहीसँगै पैसा वा सम्पत्ति दिने चलन धेरै देशहरूमा थियो, तर औद्योगिक समाजहरूमा यो क्रमशः घट्दै गएको छ।

सामान्यतया आधुनिक विवाहलाई स्वेच्छिक सम्बन्धका रूपमा लिइन्छ। १९औँ र २०औँ शताब्दीमा महिलाको स्वतन्त्रता र अधिकार विस्तारसँगै विवाह प्रणालीमा ठूलो परिवर्तन आयो। विशेष गरी सम्पत्ति र आर्थिक हैसियतका विषयमा महिला–पुरुषबीच समानताको व्यवस्था हुन थाल्यो।

२०औँ शताब्दीको मध्यसम्म आइपुग्दा धेरै पश्चिमी देशहरूले पति–पत्नीबीच समानता स्थापित गर्ने कानुनहरू लागू गरिसकेका थिए। परिवारको आर्थिक जिम्मेवारीमा महिलाको योगदानलाई पनि मान्यता दिन थालियो।

२१औँ शताब्दीको प्रारम्भमा समलिंगी विवाह तथा परम्परागतभन्दा फरक परिवारहरूको स्वीकार्यताको माग बढेसँगै परिवार र पारिवारिक कानुनको अवधारणा अझ जटिल बन्दै गयो।

विवाह विच्छेद (डिभोर्स) पारिवारिक कानुनको अर्को महत्त्वपूर्ण क्षेत्र हो। पुराना कानुनी प्रणालीहरूमा एक पक्षको निर्णयबाट सम्बन्धविच्छेद सम्भव थियो, विशेष गरी पुरुषको पहलमा। आधुनिक कानुनी प्रणालीहरूले भने आपसी सहमतिमा डिभोर्सलाई मान्यता दिन्छन्, यद्यपि धेरै ठाउँमा मिलापत्रको प्रयास अनिवार्य गरिन्छ।

बालबालिकासम्बन्धी विषयहरू पारिवारिक कानुनका विशेष क्षेत्र हुन्। विगतमा बालबालिकाको हितको जिम्मेवारी पूर्ण रूपमा आमाबुबामा, विशेष गरी बाबुमा, निर्भर थियो। अहिले अधिकांश समाजहरूले बालअधिकारको संरक्षणलाई महत्त्व दिएका छन्।

अनिवार्य शिक्षा, बालश्रम निषेध, बालदुर्व्यवहार नियन्त्रण तथा एकल अभिभावक परिवारका बालबालिकालाई सहयोग प्रदान गर्ने व्यवस्था समाजले बालबालिकाको सर्वोत्तम हित सुनिश्चित गर्न अपनाएका उपायहरू हुन्।

परिवारका सदस्यको मृत्यु भएपछि सम्पत्तिको उत्तराधिकार र बाँडफाँड पनि पारिवारिक कानुनअन्तर्गत पर्दछ। मृत व्यक्तिले वसीयत (Will) मार्फत आफ्नो सम्पत्ति कसरी बाँड्ने भन्ने इच्छा व्यक्त गर्न सक्छ। तर जीवित पति/पत्नी वा सन्तानहरूले अन्यायपूर्ण वा असमान लागेमा त्यसलाई चुनौती दिन सक्छन्।

यदि कसैले वसीयत नगरी मृत्यु भयो भने (अर्थात् अवसीयत/Intestate अवस्थामा), सम्पत्तिको बाँडफाँड सम्बन्धी कानुनी व्यवस्थाहरू लागू हुन्छन्।

लेखक : एलन जोन बार्नार्ड

A. Find the words from the text and solve the puzzle.

ACROSS

POLYGAMY – the custom of having more than one wife at the same time

COMPROMISE – to find an acceptable way of dealing with opposing ideas/needs

URBANIZATION – the process in which countryside becomes towns/cities

SOCIALIZATION – the process of learning to behave in an acceptable way in society

DOWN

PATRIARCHAL – ruled or controlled by men

SUCCESSION – the act of taking over a position

OUTRAGEOUS – done without caring if people are shocked

SINGLE-PARENT – having only one parent

B. Find the meanings of the following family-related words and use them in your own sentences.

1. Nuclear Family

Meaning: A family consisting of parents and their children only.
Sentence: I live in a nuclear family with my parents and younger brother.

2. Monogamy

Meaning: The practice of being married to only one person at a time.
Sentence: Monogamy is the most common form of marriage in many countries.

3. Sibling-in-law

Meaning: The brother or sister of one's spouse, or the spouse of one's sibling.
Sentence: My sibling-in-law helped us organize the family gathering.

4. Milk Kinship

Meaning: A social relationship between people who were breastfed by the same woman.
Sentence: In some cultures, milk kinship creates strong family-like bonds.

5. Matrilineal

Meaning: Relating to a system in which family descent is traced through the mother's side.
Sentence: The tribe follows a matrilineal system of inheritance.

6. Nepotism

Meaning: The practice of giving jobs or advantages to relatives regardless of their qualifications.
Sentence: The manager was accused of nepotism for hiring his cousin.

7. Maternity

Meaning: Motherhood or the period during which a woman is pregnant or has recently given birth.
Sentence: She is on maternity leave after the birth of her baby.

C. Make at least five words using the prefixes given.

Pre- (before)

• Preview
• Prepaid
• Preschool
• Predict
• Prehistoric

Semi- (half/partly)

• Semicircle
• Semifinal
• Semiconscious
• Semiskilled
• Semicolon

Sub- (under/below)

• Submarine
• Subtitle
• Substandard
• Subcontinent
• Subgroup

Mis- (wrongly/badly)

• Misunderstand
• Misbehave
• Misplace
• Mislead
• Misuse

Mono- (one/single)

• Monologue
• Monorail
• Monosyllable
• Monotheism
• Monochrome

Un- (not/opposite of)

• Unhappy
• Unfair
• Unknown
• Unsafe
• Untidy

In- (not/without)

• Inactive
• Incorrect
• Incomplete
• Insecure
• Indirect

Inter- (between/among)

• International
• Interact
• Interconnect
• Interdependent
• Intercollege

Meaning of the Prefixes

Prefix	Meaning
Pre-	Before
Semi-	Half, partly
Sub-	Under, below
Mis-	Wrongly, badly
Mono-	One, single
Un-	Not, opposite of
In-	Not, without
Inter-	Between, among

 Comprehension

A. The headings of the first five paragraphs of the above text are given below. Write paragraph number next to them.

a. Patriarchal family — Paragraph 3
b. Functions of the family — Paragraph 2
c. Modern model of family — Paragraph 5
d. Effects of industrialization on family structure — Paragraph 4
e. Defining family — Paragraph 1

B. Answer the following questions.

a. What type of family is thought to be the oldest form of the family?

Answer: The nuclear family is thought to be the oldest form of the family.

b. How does a family provide security to its members?

Answer: A family provides emotional, psychological, social, economic, and physical security through love, care, companionship, food, shelter, clothing, and protection.

c. What were the features of medieval European family?

Answer: The medieval European family was male-dominated and extended in nature.

d. What caused the dissolution of extended families in the West?

Answer: Industrialization and urbanization caused many people to move from rural areas to cities for work, leading to the dissolution of extended families.

e. What change occurred in gender role in the modern family that emerged after the Industrial Revolution?

Answer: Traditional gender roles changed, and responsibilities such as earning income and caring for children and the home became shared by both men and women.

f. What is family law?

Answer: Family law is the branch of law that regulates legal relationships among family members and between families and society.

g. How is modern marriage defined?

Answer: Modern marriage is defined as a voluntary union, usually between a man and a woman, based on mutual consent.

h. What do special family courts try to do?

Answer: Special family courts try to deal fairly and sensitively with family matters such as divorce and child custody.

i. What does the legislation on child labour and child abuse declare?

Answer: It declares society's responsibility to protect children's rights and ensure their welfare.

j. What is common among most legal systems regarding property?

Answer: Most legal systems have provisions for the division and distribution of a deceased person's property.

Critical Thinking

a. What changes have started to occur in Nepali families in recent days? What impacts will they bring on society? Discuss.

Answer:

Nepali families have experienced significant changes in recent years. The traditional extended family system is gradually being replaced by nuclear families due to urbanization, foreign employment, education, and modernization. Women are becoming more educated and economically independent, and family members enjoy greater personal freedom and privacy.

These changes have both positive and negative impacts. On the positive side, nuclear families allow for better financial planning, independence, and personal growth. Women have more opportunities to participate in education and employment. On the negative side, family bonds may weaken, elderly people may receive less care and support, and traditional values of cooperation and mutual responsibility may decline. Therefore, society should balance modernization with traditional family values.

b. We see many elderly people in elderly homes these days in Nepal. Some of them are abandoned while others live there willingly. Do you think Nepali people are deviating from their traditional culture? Give reasons.

Answer:

Traditionally, Nepali culture emphasizes respect for elders and caring for them within the family. The growing number of elderly people living in old-age homes suggests that some aspects of traditional culture are changing. Urbanization, migration, busy lifestyles, and changing family structures have reduced the ability of many families to care for elderly members at home.

However, not all elderly people in old-age homes are neglected. Some choose to live there voluntarily because they receive better healthcare, companionship, and support. Therefore, while some traditional practices are changing, it would be unfair to say that Nepali people have completely abandoned their culture. Society is adapting to modern circumstances while still trying to maintain respect for senior citizens.

Writing

 A: Essay on The Importance of Family

The Importance of Family

Family is one of the most important institutions in human life. It is the first place where a person learns love, care, respect, and responsibility. Family plays a vital role in shaping an individual's character and personality.

Family is important to me because it provides emotional support, security, and guidance. Whenever I face difficulties, my family encourages me and helps me overcome challenges. The love and affection of family members give me confidence and happiness. My family also teaches me moral values and helps me become a responsible person.

Family is equally important for society. It is the foundation of social life and helps maintain social order and stability. Families raise children, teach them social norms, and prepare them to become good citizens. Strong families contribute to a peaceful and prosperous society. Without families, it would be difficult to pass cultural values and traditions from one generation to another.

In the future, families may continue to change due to modernization, urbanization, and technological development. Nuclear families may become more common, and family members may live in different places because of education and employment opportunities. However, despite these changes, the importance of family will remain unchanged because people will always need love, care, and emotional support.

In conclusion, family is the backbone of both individual life and society. It provides security, guidance, and happiness, making it one of the most valuable aspects of human life.

Writing B: Essay on Nuclear Family and Extended Family

Nuclear Family and Extended Family

Family is an essential part of human life. Some people prefer living in a nuclear family, while others believe that an extended family offers more advantages. Both types of families have their own benefits and drawbacks.

A nuclear family consists of parents and their children. One of its major advantages is privacy and independence. Family members can make decisions more freely and manage their finances according to their needs. There is usually less conflict because fewer people live together. However, nuclear families may lack emotional and financial support during difficult times. Elderly parents may also receive less attention and care.

On the other hand, an extended family includes grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins, and other relatives living together or maintaining close relationships. Extended families provide strong emotional support, cooperation, and security. Children benefit from the guidance and experience of older family members. Elderly people receive better care and companionship. However, extended families may face problems such as lack of privacy, disagreements among members, and difficulties in decision-making.

In my opinion, both family systems have advantages and disadvantages. The best family structure depends on the needs and circumstances of the members. What matters most is not the size of the family but the love, respect, cooperation, and understanding among its members.

In conclusion, both nuclear and extended families play important roles in society. A happy family environment, regardless of its type, contributes to the well-being of individuals and society as a whole.

 Grammar

B. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.

a. 'How much was your parking ticket?' 'Fifty rupees.' 'Oh well, it __________ been worse.'
i. could have
ii. must have
iii. should have

Answer: i. could have

b. It __________ got lost in the post. These things happen sometimes.
i. can't have
ii. might have
iii. must have

Answer: ii. might have

c. 'Sorry I'm late. I got delayed at work.' 'You __________ called. I was really worried about you.'
i. must have
ii. could have
iii. would have

Answer: ii. could have

d. 'I don't think he meant to be rude.' 'He __________ said sorry.'
i. must have
ii. might have
iii. would have

Answer: iii. would have

e. 'Whose signature is this?' 'I don't know. It __________ be Manoj's. That looks a bit like an M.'
i. must
ii. could
iii. should

Answer: ii. could

f. I had it when I left the office so I __________ lost it on the way home.
i. mustn't have
ii. must have
iii. should have

Answer: ii. must have

g. You __________ think it's funny, but I think it's pathetic.
i. might
ii. should
iii. could

Answer: i. might

C. Complete the following sentences with appropriate endings.

a. At the end of the course, I will be able to speak English fluently.

b. If you want to earn a lot of money, you must work hard.

c. You were not in your house yesterday. You might have gone to the market.

d. I'm quite busy tomorrow. I may not be able to meet you.

e. When you were a small kid, you could run very fast.

f. My car is broken. I must get it repaired.

g. I've got a fast-speed internet at home. I can download large files quickly.

h. Even though she didn't study well, she could pass the examination.

i. There are plenty of newspapers in the library. You can read them if you want.

j. What do you think you were doing, playing in the road? You could have been seriously injured.

k. I have no time. I must leave now.

l. You don't look well. You should see a doctor.